Ultrasensitive Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds with Atmospheric-Pressure Laser Ionization as an Interface for GC/MS

Schiewek, Ralf; Schellenträger, Marc; Mönnikes, René; Lorenz, Matthias; Giese, R.; Brockmann, Klaus J.; Gäb, Siegmar; Benter, Thorsten; Schmitz, Oliver J.

doi:10.1021/ac0700631

Cited by 77 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC STAR System (www.mettlertoledo.de; heating rate: 10 K min À1 ; argon; T d @5 % weight loss). Mass spectra were obtained using a Varian MAT 311 instrument (www.varia- [40,41] Elemental analyses (EA) were performed on a Perkin-Elmer 240 B setup.…”

Section: Instrumentation and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red‐ and Green‐Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes for a Dual Barometric and Temperature‐Sensitive Paint

Fischer

Stich

Wolfbeis

et al. 2009

Chemistry A European J

103

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A new dual luminescent sensitive paint for barometric pressure and temperature (T) is presented. The green-emitting iridium(III) complex [Ir(ppy)(2)(carbac)] (ppy=2-phenylpyridine; carbac=1-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-5,5-dimethylhexane-2,4-dione) was applied as a novel probe for T along with the red-emitting complex [Ir(btpy)(3)], (btpy=2-(benzo[b]thiophene-2-yl)pyridine) which functions as a barometric (in fact oxygen-sensitive) probe. Both iridium complexes were dissolved in different polymer materials to achieve optimal responses. The probe [Ir(ppy)(2)(carbac)] was dispersed in gas-blocking poly(acrylonitrile) microparticles in order to suppress any quenching of its luminescence by oxygen. The barometric probe [Ir(btpy)(3)], in turn, was incorporated in a cellulose acetate butyrate film which exhibits good permeability for oxygen. The effects of temperature on the response of the oxygen probe can be corrected by simultaneous optical determination of T, as the poly(acrylonitrile) microparticles containing the temperature indicator are incorporated into the film. The phosphorescent signals of the probes for T and barometric pressure, respectively, can be separated by optical filters due to the approximately 75 nm difference in their emission maxima. The dual sensor is applicable to luminescence lifetime imaging of T and barometric pressure. It is the first luminescent dual sensor material for barometric pressure/T based exclusively on the use of Ir(III) complexes in combination with luminescence lifetime imaging.

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Section: Instrumentation and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red‐ and Green‐Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes for a Dual Barometric and Temperature‐Sensitive Paint

Fischer

Stich

Wolfbeis

et al. 2009

Chemistry A European J

103

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“…All the PAHs of the present study have IEs well below the two-photon energy. PAHs have been reported to be efficiently ionized by REMPI in several publications, including APLI [13,14,[23][24][25]. However, significantly lower signals were a c h i e v e d f o r a c en a p h t h y l e n e, a n t h r ac e n e , a n d fluorantherene than the seemingly similar acenaphthene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, respectively.…”

Section: Pah Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionization of EPA Contaminants in Direct and Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization

Kauppila

Kersten

Benter

2015

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Abstract. Seventy-seven EPA priority environmental pollutants were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) equipped with an optimized atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and an atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) interface with and without dopants. The analyzed compounds included e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro compounds, halogenated compounds, aromatic compounds with phenolic, acidic, alcohol, and amino groups, phthalate and adipatic esters, and aliphatic ethers. Toluene, anisole, chlorobenzene, and acetone were tested as dopants. The widest range of analytes was ionized using direct APPI (66/77 compounds). The introduction of dopants decreased the amount of compounds ionized in APPI (e.g., 54/77 with toluene), but in many cases the ionization efficiency increased. While in direct APPI the formation of molecular ions via photoionization was the main ionization reaction, dopant-assisted (DA) APPI promoted ionization reactions, such as charge exchange and proton transfer. Direct APLI ionized a much smaller amount of compounds than APPI (41/77 compounds), showing selectivity towards compounds with low ionization energies (IEs) and long-lived resonantly excited intermediate states. DA-APLI, however, was able to ionize a higher amount of compounds (e.g. 51/77 with toluene), as the ionization took place entirely through dopant-assisted ion/molecule reactions similar to those in DA-APPI. Best ionization efficiency in APPI and APLI (both direct and DA) was obtained for PAHs and aromatics with O-and N-functionalities, whereas nitro compounds and aliphatic ethers were the most difficult to ionize. Halogenated aromatics and esters were (mainly) ionized in APPI, but not in APLI.

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“…APLI targets the low-to non-polar analyte regime. It was demonstrated earlier that selected compound classes, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), are detectable two to three orders of magnitude more sensitive than with all other API methods, and a lower detection limit (LOD) in the amol regime has been achieved [2][3][4]. Furthermore, APLI is compatible with direct infusion stages, liquid chromatography (LC) [3], as well as with atmospheric pressure (AP) gas chromatography [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Performance of Small Diode Pumped UV Solid State (DPSS) Nd:YAG Lasers as New Radiation Sources for Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry (APLI-MS)

Kersten

Lorenz

Brockmann

et al. 2011

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The performance of a KrF * bench top excimer laser and a compact diode pumped UV solid state (DPSS) Nd:YAG laser as photo-ionizing source in LC-APLI MS is compared. The commonly applied bench-top excimer laser, operating at 248 nm, provides power densities of the order of low MW/cm 2 on an illuminated area of 0.5 cm 2 (8 mJ/pulse, 5 ns pulse duration, beam waist area 0.5 cm 2 , 3 MW/cm 2 ). The DPSS laser, operating at 266 nm, provides higher power densities, however, on a two orders of magnitude smaller illuminated area (60 μJ/pulse, 1 ns pulse duration, beam waist area 2 × 10 -3 cm 2 , 30 MW/cm 2 ). In a common LC-APLI MS setup with direct infusion of a 10 nM pyrene solution, the DPSS laser yields a significantly smaller ion signal (0.9%) and signal to noise ratio (1.4%) compared with the excimer laser. With respect to the determined low detection limits (LODs) for PAHs of 0.1 fmol using an excimer laser, LODs in DPSS laser LC-APLI MS in the low pmol regime are expected. The advantages of the DPSS laser with respect to applicability (size, cost, simplicity) may render this light source the preferred one for APLI applications not focusing on ultimately high sensitivities. Furthermore, the impact of adjustable ion source parameters on the performance of both laser systems is discussed in terms of the spatial sensitivity distribution described by the distribution of ion acceptance (DIA) measurements. Perspectives concerning the impact on future APLI-MS applications are given.

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Ultrasensitive Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds with Atmospheric-Pressure Laser Ionization as an Interface for GC/MS

Cited by 77 publications

References 19 publications

Red‐ and Green‐Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes for a Dual Barometric and Temperature‐Sensitive Paint

Red‐ and Green‐Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes for a Dual Barometric and Temperature‐Sensitive Paint

Ionization of EPA Contaminants in Direct and Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization

Evaluation of the Performance of Small Diode Pumped UV Solid State (DPSS) Nd:YAG Lasers as New Radiation Sources for Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry (APLI-MS)

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