Ultrasonic emissions during ice nucleation and propagation in plant xylem

Charrier, Guillaume; Pramsohler, Manuel; Charra‐Vaskou, Katline; Saudreau, Marc; Améglio, Thierry; Neuner, Gilbert; Mayr, Stefan

doi:10.1111/nph.13361

Cited by 33 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…This overlap might be caused by different attenuation of the AE signals dependent on their frequency. The effect of attenuation was also observed during a freeze-thaw experiment, where it decreased in frozen samples [104]. A second hypothesis is that the cavitation process generates many AE signals.…”

Section: Ae Feature Extractionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Acoustic Emissions to Measure Drought-Induced Cavitation in Plants

et al. 2016

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Acoustic emissions are frequently used in material sciences and engineering applications for structural health monitoring. It is known that plants also emit acoustic emissions, and their application in plant sciences is rapidly increasing, especially to investigate drought-induced plant stress. Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations, and contains valuable information about how plants may cope with drought stress. There is, however, no consensus in literature about how this is best measured. Here, we discuss detection of acoustic emissions as a measure for drought-induced cavitation. Past research and the current state of the art are reviewed. We also discuss how the acoustic emission technique can help solve some of the main issues regarding quantification of the degree of cavitation, and how it can contribute to our knowledge about plant behavior during drought stress. So far, crossbreeding in the field of material sciences proved very successful, and we therefore recommend continuing in this direction in future research.

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Section: Ae Feature Extractionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Acoustic Emissions to Measure Drought-Induced Cavitation in Plants

et al. 2016

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“…Therefore, a freezing exotherm can be detected using thermocouples (Mayr et al, 2006b;Pramsohler et al, 2012) or infrared imaging (Wisniewski et al, 1997;Hacker and Neuner, 2007;Charrier et al, 2015b). Exotherm monitoring is widely used to detect freezing in plants, but this technique is very limited at detecting much slower phenomena such as thawing.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Ice formation within plants influences their physiology mechanically, hydraulically, and at the cellular level (Cinotti, 1991;Charrier et al, 2013aCharrier et al, , 2015b. Mechanical strain occurs as water expands during freezing (Kubler, 1983;Cinotti, 1991), and tension is induced in the remaining liquid-phase sap (Hansen and Beck, 1988;Charrier et al, 2014a;Charra-Vaskou et al, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Further insights into freezing and thawing processes were enabled by dendrometers (Zweifel and Häsler, 2000) and ultrasonic emission (UE) analysis (Charrier et al, 2015b). Dendrometers are commonly used to monitor growth and drought stress in woody plants (Reineke, 1932;Daubenmire, 1945;Deslauriers et al, 2007;de Swaef et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…When the water potential reaches the cavitation threshold, gas bubbles form, and the sudden relaxation of water columns generates UEs. Recently, the UE technique was used to monitor ice propagation within branches in laboratory experiments (Charrier et al, 2015b), and UE velocity and attenuation were shown to enable the detection of ice in woody stems (Charrier et al, 2014b). UE also was observed during thawing, in relation with embolism formation according to the thaw-expansion hypothesis (Mayr and Sperry, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Monitoring of Freezing Dynamics in Trees: A Simple Phase Shift Causes Complexity

Charrier

Nolf²,

Leitinger³

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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(S.M.).During winter, trees have to cope with harsh conditions, including extreme freeze-thaw stress. This study focused on ice nucleation and propagation, related water shifts and xylem cavitation, as well as cell damage and was based on in situ monitoring of xylem (thermocouples) and surface temperatures (infrared imaging), ultrasonic emissions, and dendrometer analysis. Field experiments during late winter on Picea abies growing at the alpine timberline revealed three distinct freezing patterns: (1) from the top of the tree toward the base, (2) from thin branches toward the main stem's top and base, and (3) from the base toward the top. Infrared imaging showed freezing within branches from their base toward distal parts. Such complex freezing causes dynamic and heterogenous patterns in water potential and probably in cavitation. This study highlights the interaction between environmental conditions upon freezing and thawing and demonstrates the enormous complexity of freezing processes in trees. Diameter shrinkage, which indicated water fluxes within the stem, and acoustic emission analysis, which indicated cavitation events near the ice front upon freezing, were both related to minimum temperature and, upon thawing, related to vapor pressure deficit and soil temperature. These complex patterns, emphasizing the common mechanisms between frost and drought stress, shed new light on winter tree physiology.

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Drivers of apoplastic freezing in gymnosperm and angiosperm branches

Lintunen

Mayr

Salmon

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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It is not well understood what determines the degree of supercooling of apoplastic sap in trees, although it determines the number and duration of annual freeze–thaw cycles in a given environment. We studied the linkage between apoplastic ice nucleation temperature, tree water status, and conduit size. We used branches of 10 gymnosperms and 16 angiosperms collected from an arboretum in Helsinki (Finland) in winter and spring. Branches with lower relative water content froze at lower temperatures, and branch water content was lower in winter than in spring. A bench drying experiment with Picea abies confirmed that decreasing branch water potential decreases apoplastic ice nucleation temperature. The studied angiosperms froze on average 2.0 and 1.8°C closer to zero Celsius than the studied gymnosperms during winter and spring, respectively. This was caused by higher relative water content in angiosperms; when branches were saturated with water, apoplastic ice nucleation temperature of gymnosperms increased to slightly higher temperature than that of angiosperms. Apoplastic ice nucleation temperature in sampled branches was positively correlated with xylem conduit diameter as shown before, but saturating the branches removed the correlation. Decrease in ice nucleation temperature decreased the duration of freezing, which could have an effect on winter embolism formation via the time available for gas escape during ice propagation. The apoplastic ice nucleation temperature varied not only between branches but also within a branch between consecutive freeze–thaw cycles demonstrating the stochastic nature of ice nucleation.

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Ultrasonic emissions during ice nucleation and propagation in plant xylem

Cited by 33 publications

References 55 publications

Acoustic Emissions to Measure Drought-Induced Cavitation in Plants

Acoustic Emissions to Measure Drought-Induced Cavitation in Plants

Monitoring of Freezing Dynamics in Trees: A Simple Phase Shift Causes Complexity

Drivers of apoplastic freezing in gymnosperm and angiosperm branches

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