Ultrasonographic Algorithm for the Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Nodes That Drain the Mammary Carcinomas in Female Dogs

Stan, F.; Gudea, Alexandru; Damian, Aurel; Gal, Adrian Florin; Papuc, I.; Pop, Anamaria; Martonos, Cristian

doi:10.3390/ani10122366

Cited by 10 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…e presence of accessory lymph nodes in cats has been described in the literature, and they can present from 1 to 4 lymph nodes performing axillary and inguinal drainage of mammary glands [33,34]. In the ultrasound examination, changes in lymph node architecture may be suggestive of neoplastic involvement, especially when there is loss of central hyperechogenic hilus visibility and rounding [35][36][37]. ese characteristics were present, respectively, in 92.5% and 28.57% of the lymph nodes evaluated in G2, but the conclusive diagnosis should be made through cytological and histopathological studies of these lymph nodes, and further research will be necessary to study this relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonographic Assessment of the Normal and Abnormal Feline Mammary Glands and Axillary and Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Moraes

Borges

2021

Veterinary Medicine International

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Ultrasound has been used as a diagnostic tool in normal mammary glands and mammary tumors of several species. This study aims to describe the B-mode and Doppler ultrasound features of the mammary glands and draining lymph nodes in 32 adult female cats. Group 1 (G1) consisted of 22 cats without changes in the mammary glands. The average age was 45 ± 25.09 months, where 63.6% (n = 14) were neutered and 31.8% (n = 7) had received progestin at some point for reproductive control. Mammary gland structure was predominantly hypoechoic and homogeneous, with well-defined margins. The average thickness was 1.52 ± 1.59 mm, although it may be affected by estrus, pregnancy, and lactation. In G1, 100% of lymph nodes were homogeneous, 98% were hypoechoic, and 100% were with well-defined margins and hilar vascularization. Group 2 (G2) consisted of 10 cats with mammary nodules. The average age was 88.8 ± 40.5 months, and 70% were intact and all had already received progestin. Ultrasound demonstrated enlarged mammary glands, with nodules of different textures clinically, mainly affecting the abdominal mammary glands (61%). In 33.33%, there were visible mammary ducts. Only 54.17% were homogeneous, 95.83% were hypoechoic, and the margins were regular in 52.08%. Lymph nodes in abnormal mammary chains may present changes in size, shape, echotexture, and echogenicity. Ultrasound examination of the mammary glands and lymph nodes are possible to evaluate the entire mammary chain as well the superficial inguinal and axillary lymph nodes for abnormalities in the feline.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonographic Assessment of the Normal and Abnormal Feline Mammary Glands and Axillary and Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Moraes

Borges

2021

Veterinary Medicine International

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“…In companion animals, the method has been described in mammary glands and inguinal lymph nodes in healthy dogs at the various stages of the oestrous cycle [ 66 ] and also in dogs with mammary tumour [ 10 ]. Moreover, a transcutaneous injection of contrast agent has been applied in dogs’ mammary glands, which was used as an animal model [ 72 , 73 ].…”

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although in human medicine clear diagnostic imaging guidelines have been proposed to investigate diseases of the mammary glands [ 9 ], in veterinary work, similar protocols have not been developed thus far. At the moment, only an algorithm has been proposed for the evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in dogs with mammary carcinoma [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals

Barbagianni

Gouletsou

2023

Veterinary Sciences

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The study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Various imaging techniques such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic techniques (Doppler, contrast-enchanced, three-dimensional and elastography) are available and can be applied in research or clinical practice in order to evaluate possible abnormalities in mammary glands, as well as to assist in the differential diagnosis. In this review, the above imaging technologies are described, and the perspectives of each method are highlighted. It is inferred that ultrasonographic modalities are the most frequently used imaging techniques for the diagnosis of clinical or subclinical mastitis and treatment guidance on a farm. In companion animals, a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumours. In any case, the confirmation of the diagnosis is provided by laboratory techniques.

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“…The status of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) is essential in staging, treatment, and further prognosis. Examining the status of sentinel lymph nodes with the elementary and common ultrasonographic techniques can be convenient for staging malignant CMTs in bitches with high accuracy in detecting metastases in SLNs (92.2%) [ 39 ]. It was confirmed in the latest study where an ultrasonographic examination that included B-mode, Doppler technique, CEUS, and elastography was compared to a histopathological examination [ 39 ].…”

Section: Diagnostic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examining the status of sentinel lymph nodes with the elementary and common ultrasonographic techniques can be convenient for staging malignant CMTs in bitches with high accuracy in detecting metastases in SLNs (92.2%) [ 39 ]. It was confirmed in the latest study where an ultrasonographic examination that included B-mode, Doppler technique, CEUS, and elastography was compared to a histopathological examination [ 39 ]. The best precision in identifying metastases in SLNs was achieved by the elasticity score followed by the short/long-axis ratio and resistivity index, whereas CEUS was as accurate as Doppler.…”

Section: Diagnostic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors

Kaszak

Domrazek

Jurka

2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are considered a serious clinical problem in older bitches. Due to the high malignancy rate and poor prognosis, an early diagnosis is essential. This article is a summary of novel diagnostic techniques as well as the main biomarkers of CMTs. So far, CMTs are detected only when changes in mammary glands are clinically visible and surgical removal of the mass is the only recommended treatment. Proper diagnostics of CMT is especially important as they represent a very diverse group of tumors and therefore different treatment approaches may be required. Recently, new diagnostic options appeared, like a new cytological grading system of CMTs or B-mode ultrasound, the Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and real-time elastography, which may be useful in pre-surgical evaluation. However, in order to detect malignancies before macroscopic changes are visible, evaluation of serum and tissue biomarkers should be considered. Among them, we distinguish markers of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic potential and prognosis, hormone receptors, inflammatory and more recent: metabolomic, gene expression, miRNA, and transcriptome sequencing markers. The use of a couple of the above-mentioned markers together seems to be the most useful for the early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases as well as to evaluate response to treatment, presence of tumor progression, or further prognosis. Molecular aspects of tumors seem to be crucial for proper understanding of tumorigenesis and the application of individual treatment options.

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Ultrasonographic Algorithm for the Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Nodes That Drain the Mammary Carcinomas in Female Dogs

Cited by 10 publications

References 127 publications

Sonographic Assessment of the Normal and Abnormal Feline Mammary Glands and Axillary and Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Sonographic Assessment of the Normal and Abnormal Feline Mammary Glands and Axillary and Inguinal Lymph Nodes

Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals

The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors

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