Ultrasonographic characterization of the ovaries and the uterus in prepubertal and pubertal gilts

Kauffold, Johannes; Rautenberg, Tanja; Richter, Andreas; Waehner, M.; Sobiraj, A.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.09.012

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…ual pig, which is an observation that has also been made previously for uterus size measurement in gilts [21]. However, from studies in humans it is known that dermal echogenicity patterns changes with age [23], and the amount of subcutaneous fat as well as the skin can have an effect on echogenicity patterns of parenchymatous organs due to different ultrasound attenuation as shown for the pancreas [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Transcutaneous scanning has been proven appropriate for pregnancy testing [16,19], ovary assessment [20], as well as the examination of the non-gravid uterus for puberty detection [21] or delineation of reasons for infertility [22]. Moreover, multiple measurements using freeze images and welldefined structures similar to what was necessary for GSA in this study has been proven possible in other studies where uterine crosssections of sows and gilts were measured for size [21,22]. Finally, the results of this study indicate that only two cross-sections are required to obtain a reliable grey value for the uterus of an individ- Once the cross-section was imaged in the defined focus zone and the ROI defined, GSA was performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of B-mode Ultrasound and Grey-Scale Analysis to Study Uterine Echogenicity in the Pig

Kauffold

Bussche²,

Failing

et al. 2010

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. This study was conducted to determine uterine echogenicity by grey-scale analysis (GSA) and transcutaneous ultrasonography in pregnant sows (P-sows; n=16) and gilts (P-gilts; n=13) vs. cyclic gilts (C-gilts; n=9) between days 8 and 16 post ovulation (po) with the aims of testing for feasibility of uterine GSA and of gathering reference data. Estruses and ovulations were hormonally synchronized and the animals artificially inseminated. Ovulation was monitored by ultrasound. The equipment used was a HS 2000 ultrasound unit and a 5 MHz linear probe. Unit settings were standardized for all GSA scanning sessions and the animals crated during scanning. For GSA, cross-sections of the uterine horns were imaged, entirely defined as regions of interest, and pixel analyses done. A total of 342 scanning sessions were performed, 341 GSA accomplished, and 1-13 cross-sections analyzed per session. Comparison of coefficients of variation suggests that analysis of two cross-sections per session is sufficient for a reliable GSA per animal. P-sows and P-gilts were similar in their echogenicity course, but differed from C-gilts. Most noticeable, echogenicity declined in pregnant animals on day 12 po, while it increased in cyclic gilts. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that GSA using transcutaneous ultrasound is a feasible procedure for the determination of uterine echogenicity in the pig, and that pregnant and cyclic pigs differ in the uterine echogenicity, particularly during the time when maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs. Key words: Female pig, Grey-scale analysis, Pregnancy, Ultrasonography, Uterus (J. Reprod. Dev. 56: [444][445][446][447][448] 2010) chogenicity is a valuable parameter in order to define the appearance of a tissue or organ by using B-mode ultrasound. Echogenicity is either described based on a score system, and is rather subjective depending on the assessment of the operator. Alternatively, grey-scale analysis (GSA) is used, which is based on computer-supported pixel quantification and is thus a more objective procedure. In large animal species, GSA has mostly been used to define echogenicity patterns of reproductive tissues such as of testes and accessory glands in growing bulls and rams [1,2], as well as of ovarian structures in mares [3], cows and heifers [4,5], and ewes [6,7]. Also, GSA has been employed for studying endometrial echogenicity in pregnant vs. non-pregnant cows [8][9][10] and the European roe deer [11], and has been advocated as an appropriate procedure for the delineation of uterine diseases in mares [12]. B-mode ultrasound is widely used in pigs too, and is predominantly dedicated to examine genital organs which include the ovaries as well as the pregnant and non-pregnant uterus [13]. While differences in echotexture patterns have been described for the porcine uterus depending on the stage of estrous cycle as well as for the healthy vs. diseased uterus, uterine echogenicity using GSA has never been studied except once in a very preliminarily study on a subset of cyc...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of B-mode Ultrasound and Grey-Scale Analysis to Study Uterine Echogenicity in the Pig

Kauffold

Bussche²,

Failing

et al. 2010

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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“…In pig reproduction, transabdominal B-Mode ultrasonography has now been recognized as a routine technique for a multitude of purposes including pregnancy checking, monitoring puberty or assessing follicle growth and ovulation (17,18,34). Moreover, pathological conditions of the reproductive tract have been described by B-Mode ultrasonography (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of transabdominal Doppler sonography for studying uterine blood flow characteristics in cycling gilts

Herlt¹,

Stark²,

Sigmarsson³

et al. 2018

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G

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Summary Objective: To test for the feasibility of transabdominal Doppler sonography (color, power, pulse wave) to define uterine perfusion characteristics throughout the estrous cycle in gilts. Materials and methods: A total of 15 gilts were synchronized for estrus and scanned in their following spontaneous cycle while being restrained in a purpose-designed mobile crate. To define uterine perfusion characteristics, vessels in between and within uterine cross-sections were imaged and recorded as video sequences to be analyzed by PixelFlux® software for perfused area (Amix), blood flow velocity (vmix) and intensity (Imix) as well as resistance (RIvmix) and pulsatility index (PIvmix). Results: Color Doppler sonography proved to be the only feasible technique, as it was less affected by animal movements than power and pulse wave sonography. As determined by color Doppler sonography, all five parameters determined showed specific patterns through the estrous cycle, i. e. Amix, vmix, Imix were high in proestrus, decreased in estrus and remained low in midestrus and most parts of diestrus; RIvmix and PIvmix with inversely paralleled patterns. Conclusion and clinical relevance: This study has demonstrated that transabdominal color Doppler but not power and pulse wave Doppler sonography is feasible to be performed in crate-restrained gilts for studying uterine perfusion characteristics during the estrous cycle, and that changes of uterine perfusion over the course of the estrous cycle can be clearly followed by color Doppler sonography. Results encourage the use of color Doppler sonography for studying i. e. uterine capacity or uterus related infertility such as for cases of clinically unapparent endometritis.

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“…Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchung erscheint eine Korrektur (= Erhöhung) des E 2 -Grenzwertes (60 pmol/l) wenig sinnvoll, da dann zwar seltener falsch pubertale, jedoch häufiger falsch präpubertale Diagnosen zu erwarten sind (Fehlinterpretation geschlechtsreifer Sauen im Proöstrus oder Östrus). So bleibt zu empfehlen, auf E 2 als Parameter zur Beurteilung des Geschlechtsreifestatus von Jungsauen zu verzichten, Brunstkontrollen hingegen zu optimieren und und die Ultrasonographie als ein zuverlässiges, kostengünstiges und vor Ort einsetzbares alternatives Verfahren anzuwenden (11).…”

Section: Statistische Auswertungunclassified

“…Fehler sind möglich (Sauen am Ende der Gelbkörperphase und Brunst), im Herdenmaßstab angeblich jedoch unerheblich (18). In einer unlängst durchgeführten Studie konnten wir demonstrieren, dass die Ultrasonographie ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Erkennung präpubertaler und pubertaler Jungsauen darstellt (11). In der erwähnten Studie wurden die Resultate der sonographischen Examination durch die postmortaler und hormonanalytischer Untersuchungen (P 4 -Bestimmung) und die Ergebnisse der Brunstkontrolle verifiziert.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Vulvagröße und Estradiol-17β sind ungeeignete Parameter zur Bestimmung der Geschlechtsreife bei Jungsauen

Kauffold¹,

Sobiraj²

2004

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G

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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Es sollte evaluiert werden, ob sich die Größe der Vulva und die Blutplasmakonzentration von Estradiol-17β (E2) als Parameter zur Bestimmung der Geschlechtsreife bei Jungsauen eignen, da beide Kriterien zu diesem Zweck gelegentlich Verwendung finden. Material und Methoden: Die Untersuchungen erstreckten sich auf 51 Hybrid-Jungsauen, die vorab durch Ultrasonographie, Progesteronbestimmung und Brunstkontrolle als präpubertal (PRÄ; n = 42) oder pubertal [PUB (n = 9); davon im Östrus = PUB-1 (n = 2) und Diöstrus = PUB-2 (n = 7)] klassifiziert wurden. Die Vulvagröße wurde subjektiv beurteilt und mit 1 bis 3 kodiert (= klein, mittelgroß, groß; nur PRÄ und PUB-2). In anschließend entnommenen Blutproben erfolgte die Bestimmung der E2-Konzentration. Die Sauen wurden jeweils anhand der Vulvagröße (ohne PUB-1; Score 1 = PRÄ, Scores 2 plus 3 = PUB-2) und der E2-Konzentration (ohne PUB-2; < 60 pmol/l = PRÄ, ≥ 60 pmol/l = PUB-1) in ihrem Geschlechtsreifestatus reevaluiert und die Genauigkeit beider Parameter ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Der Anteil PRÄ- und PUB-2-Jungsauen mit Vulvae der Scores 1 und 2 plus 3 war gleich (19,0 vs. 14,3% und 81,0 vs. 85,7%). Die durchschnittliche E2-Konzentration für PRÄ-, PUB-1- und PUB-2-Sauen lag bei 55,6, 90,7 bzw. 62,1 pmol/l mit PRÄ < PUB-1 (p = 0,042). PRÄ-Sauen wiesen extreme Unterschiede in ihren E2-Werten auf (13,0-95,6 pmol/l). Mittels Vulvagröße und E2 wurden nur 19,0 bzw. 66,7% der PRÄ-, aber 85,7% der PUB-2- bzw. beide PUB-1-Sauen richtig erkannt. Schlussfolgerungen: Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass sowohl Vulvagröße als auch E2 ungeeignete Parameter zur Bestimmung der Geschlechtsreife bei Jungsauen sind. Klinische Relevanz: Die Geschlechtsreife bei Jungsauen sollte weder anhand der Vulvagröße noch der Blutplasmakonzentration des E2 beurteilt werden. Genauere Verfahren, wie z. B. die Ultrasonographie, sind zu bevorzugen.

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Ultrasonographic characterization of the ovaries and the uterus in prepubertal and pubertal gilts

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Use of B-mode Ultrasound and Grey-Scale Analysis to Study Uterine Echogenicity in the Pig

Use of B-mode Ultrasound and Grey-Scale Analysis to Study Uterine Echogenicity in the Pig

Feasibility of transabdominal Doppler sonography for studying uterine blood flow characteristics in cycling gilts

Vulvagröße und Estradiol-17β sind ungeeignete Parameter zur Bestimmung der Geschlechtsreife bei Jungsauen

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