Ultrasonographic identification of the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament in dogs

Abstract

Ultrasonographic examination of the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament could potentially provide a noninvasive and safe imaging technique that may contribute to the diagnosis of atlantoaxial instability/subluxation in dogs.

Sonoanatomy of female reproductive organ of Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica)

“…Ultrasound technology has been extensively used for monitoring ovarian activity in wild animal ungulates (Sontakke, 2017), wild cats (Malandain et al., 2011; Pelican, Wildt, Pukazhenthi, & Howard, 2006), ostriches (Pandian, Selvan, Rajini, Parthiban, & Karthickeyan, 2016); livestock such as camels (Kelanemer et al., 2015), buffalo (Gad, Mohamed, El‐Azab, Sosa, & Essawy, 2017), cattles (Scully et al., 2015), sheep/goats (Khan et al., 2016) and pigs (Da Silva, Laurenssen, Knol, Kemp, & Soede, 2017); pet animals such as dogs and cats (Davidson & Baker, 2009b); and animal models such as rabbits (El‐Gayar et al., 2014) and mice (Benevenuto et al., 2017). Ultrasound technology can be applied to analyse the anatomical structures of non‐living specimens as well such as human cadaveric skeletons without damaging tissues or organs (Karmakar et al., 2012), the lumbosacral cavity and the dorsal atlantoaxial ligaments of dog cadavers (Liotta et al., 2015; de Vicente & Hammond, 2017), and also to observe nerve blocks in camel head cadavers (El‐Shafaey, Hamed, Abdellatif, & Elfadl, 2017).…”

“…Ultrasound technology can be applied to analyse the anatomical structures of non-living specimens as well such as human cadaveric skeletons without damaging tissues or organs(Karmakar et al, 2012), the lumbosacral cavity and the dorsal atlantoaxial ligaments of dog cadaversde Vicente & Hammond, 2017), and also to observe nerve blocks in camel head cadavers (El-Shafaey, Hamed, Abdellatif, & Elfadl, 2017).…”