Ultrasound- and nerve stimulation-guided femoral and sciatic nerve block in a duck (Anas platyrhynchos) undergoing surgical fixation of a tibiotarsal fracture

Nerve stimulator‐guided sciatic nerve block in a cockerel (Gallus gallus domesticus) for a bone marrow biopsy

“…As the effect of the block is multifactorial (dose‐, volume‐ and concentration‐dependent), it is the authors’ opinion that for a clinically efficient block, the volume of injectate cannot be the only determinant. However, the data regarding the dose and volume used in raptors 13 and a duck 14 are difficult to compare with ours as different local anaesthetics were used. The initial plan was to give a total dose of 1.5 mg/kg of 0.5% levobupivacaine, divided into half for each block (femoral and sciatic).…”

“…No similar research has been performed in birds, but when femoral and sciatic blocks were performed in raptors, a volume of 0.05 ml/kg of 2% lidocaine per block seemed to provide sufficient analgesia 13 . On the other hand, when the block was performed in a duck 14 with the help of a nerve stimulator and an ultrasound, a volume of 0.16 ml/kg of 2% lidocaine was given for the sciatic nerve block and 0.22 ml/kg to block the femoral nerve. Nevertheless, the analgesic effect and the duration of the block are related not only to the volume administered but also to the concentration of the local anaesthetic: higher concentrations of local anaesthetics not only increase the duration and quality of peripheral nerve blocks but also increase the speed of their onset 24 .…”

“…[8][9][10][11] Intra-articular application of local anaesthetics reduced pain and seemed to restore normal behaviour in chickens with experimentally induced arthritis. 12 To the authors' knowledge, there are only two publications regarding sciatic nerve block in birds: one in raptors 13 and one in a duck 14 ; even though the technique has been successfully performed for surgical procedures in many mammals including dogs, 15,16 cats, 17 rabbits 18,19 and goats. 20…”

Multimodal analgesic technique in a peacock (Pavo cristatus) anaesthetised for orthopaedic surgery

“…A nerve stimulator-guided right femoral nerve block and a nerve stimulator-and ultrasound-guided right sciatic block were performed. Following the techniques previously published in other avian species, 7,8 to perform the femoral nerve block, a 50 mm insulated needle (Stimuplex Ultra 360; B Braun) was connected to a nerve stimulator (Stimuplex HNS 12; B Braun) and inserted within the quadriceps femoris muscle on the medial side of the thigh, 4 cm caudally to the positive skin-electrode, cranially to the femoral artery localised by palpation. The nerve stimulator was set at an initial current of 1.0 mA, applied for 0.1 ms with a 1 Hz frequency.…”

The Successful Use of an Ultrasound-Guided Mid-Femur Sciatic Nerve Block in a Juvenile Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) under General Anaesthesia

“…Pain management in avian surgery is a rapidly evolving field, mirroring advancements made in mammalian regional analgesia techniques. Ultrasound and nerve stimulatorguided techniques have been previously described for application in both domestic [1,2] and wild avian populations [3,4]. Notably, extensive research conducted in canines has provided a valuable foundation for adapting nerve identification and blockade techniques for use in avian species.…”