Ultrasound-assisted extraction of metals from Lithium-ion batteries using natural organic acids

Xiao, Xinyan; Hoogendoorn, Billy W.; Ma, Yiqian; Sahadevan, Suchithra Ashoka; Gardner, James M.; Forsberg, Kerstin; Olsson, Richard T.

doi:10.1039/d1gc02693c

Cited by 56 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A novel approach is based on applying ultrasound when leaching with mineral acids [ 142 ] or organic acids. [ 143 ] In all cases a higher efficiency has been reported.…”

Section: State Of the Art Recycling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[ 4 ] The integration of solvometallurgy into critical hydrometallurgical steps, like leaching could boost the overall efficiency of the approach with citric acid DES being able to achieve effective leaching at 55 g L 1 S/L versus 25 g L –1 of the aqueous solution. [ 143 ] Novel organic media use less volume and shorter leaching times with higher average loading capacities. With future battery legislation and demands for higher material recovery rates, hydrometallurgy is one of the most promising approaches to meet the requirements but also to create a path to circular economy in the battery market.…”

Section: State Of the Art Recycling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Neumann

Petraniková

Meeus

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

432

186

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Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.

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“…A novel approach is based on applying ultrasound when leaching with mineral acids [ 142 ] or organic acids. [ 143 ] In all cases a higher efficiency has been reported.…”

Section: State Of the Art Recycling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: State Of the Art Recycling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Neumann

Petraniková

Meeus

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

432

186

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, ultrasonic agitation was implemented during leaching in the present work. The optimized leaching conditions were taken from the work of Xiao et al [23].…”

Section: Leaching Of Nmc111mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic acids may be environmentally sustainable alternatives for the cathode dissolution [21]. Citric acid has been reported to be a green and efficient reagent to dissolve metals from spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) electrodes and blackmass [22,23]. The use of citric acid does not produce toxic emissions and it is a cost-efficient solvent [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Xuan

Chagnes

Xiao

et al. 2022

Metals

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used everywhere today, and their recycling is very important. This paper addresses the recovery of metals from NMC111 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) cathodic materials by leaching followed by antisolvent precipitation. Ultrasound-assisted leaching of the cathodic material was performed in 1.5 mol L−1 citric acid at 50 °C and at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 20 g/L. Nickel(II), manganese(II) and cobalt(II) were precipitated from the leach liquor as citrates at 25 °C by adding an antisolvent (acetone or ethanol). No lithium(I) precipitation occurred under the experimental conditions, allowing for lithium separation. The precipitation efficiencies of manganese(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) decreased according to the order Mn > Co > Ni. The precipitation efficiency increased when a greater volume of antisolvent to the leachate was used. A smaller volume of acetone than ethanol was needed to reach the same precipitation efficiency in accordance with the difference in the dielectric constants of ethanol and acetone and their associated solubility constants. After adding two volumes of acetone into one volume of the leach liquor, 99.7% manganese, 97.0% cobalt and 86.9% nickel were recovered after 120 h, leaving lithium in the liquid phase. The metal citrates were converted into metal oxides by calcination at 900 °C.

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“…In general, the solid-liquid reaction is controlled by the following three factors: mass transfer in the liquid boundary layer (eqn ( 15)), chemical reaction on the surface (eqn ( 16)) and diffusion in the solid surface layer (eqn ( 17)). 53,55 x…”

Section: Analysis Of the Leaching Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric potential-determined redox intermediates for effective recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Hua

Zhao

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of metals from Lithium-ion batteries using natural organic acids

Abstract: An ultrasound-assisted extraction (leaching) method of valuable metals from discarded lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) is reported. Mild organic citric or acetic acids were used as leaching agents for a more environmentally-friendly...

Cited by 56 publications

References 43 publications

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Electric potential-determined redox intermediates for effective recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

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