Ultrastructural appearance of embedded and polished wood cell walls as revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy

Zimmermann, Tanja; Thommen, V.; Reimann, Peter; Hug, H. J.

doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2006.06.007

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Besides this, the required flat sample surfaces are easier to prepare on embedded wood samples, either by ultramicrotoming or by polishing. The interested reader is referred to the following publications that contain discussions about the penetration of embedding resin and a variety of preparation procedures (Jayme and Fengel 1962;Fengel 1967;Hepworth et al 2000;Zimmermann et al 2006;Kamke and Lee 2007;Tze et al 2007;Konnerth et al 2008).…”

Section: Sample Preparation: Methodological Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls

et al. 2012

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The properties of wood and wood-based materials are strongly dependent on the properties of the fibres, that is, the cell wall properties. It is thus highly important to be able to mechanically characterise cell walls in order to understand structure-property relationships. This article gives a brief overview of the state of the art in experimental techniques to characterise the mechanical properties of wood at both the level of the single cell and that of the cell wall. Challenges, opportunities, drawbacks and limitations of single fibre tensile tests and nanoindentation are discussed with respect to the wood material properties. Introduction and background

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Section: Sample Preparation: Methodological Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls

et al. 2012

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“…Revealing the 3D micromolecular architecture of the components in the cell wall requires high-resolution devices such as AFM, SEM, Cryo-SEM. More recently modern technologies as magnetic resonance and electron tomography were also used to study cell wall spatial structure (Nakashima et al, 1997;Marga et al, 2005;Ding and Himmel, 2006;Zimmermann et al, 2006;Sarkar et al, 2009Sarkar et al, , 2014Terashima et al, 2009;Lacayo et al, 2010;Dick-Pérez et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2012Wang et al, , 2015. Many techniques often require very extensive sample preparation, which can be destructive to the studied material and provided us only with information about the topography of the studied samples (Sarkar et al, 2009).…”

Section: Technical Approach and Further Perspectives In The (Mucilagementioning

confidence: 99%

How does the cell wall ‘stick’ in the mucilage? A detailed microstructural analysis of the seed coat mucilaginous cell wall

Kreitschitz

Gorb

2017

Flora

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Please cite this article as: Kreitschitz, Agnieszka, Gorb, Stanislav N., How does the cell wall 'stick' in the mucilage? A detailed microstructural analysis of the seed coat mucilaginous cell wall.Flora http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora. 2017.02.010 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The examined pectic (Linum usitatissimum) and cellulose (Neopallasia pectinata) seed mucilage showed the fibrillary character of the components. The second type of mucilage indicated a much more arranged structure than that of the pectic one due to the presence of cellulose microfibrils. We showed cellulose organization in a net-like scaffold on which other mucilage components were spread and shoved how the mucilage was anchored to the seed surface through the cellulose skeleton, preventing it from being lost. Our detailed analysis gave an insight into how the mucilage is spatially arranged and also provided direct microstructural evidence of cell wall polysaccharides structure, distribution and interactions especially for widely-postulated xylan-cellulose linking. We demonstrated that xylan might be represented by long chains covering the surface of cellulose fibrils. The main advantage of the applied technique is its less-invasive character which retains the 3D structure of the components within the intact mucilaginous cell wall. As utilized in our studies, preparation and visualization methods with seed mucilage as a model system can give us new possibilities in structural studies of the (mucilaginous) cell wall.

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“…Fast-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy in combination with chemical and enzymatic approaches have generated recent models of the architecture of the primary wall (McCann et al, 1990;Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993;Nakashima et al, 1997;Fujino et al, 2000;Somerville et al, 2004). Direct visualization of secondary wall organization has been focused toward the examination of multiple wall layers in wood cells (Fahlen and Salmen, 2005;Zimmermann et al, 2006). However, few studies have examined the secondary wall, so our knowledge regarding the higher order architecture of this type of wall is limited.…”

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confidence: 99%

Imaging Cell Wall Architecture in Single Zinnia elegans Tracheary Elements

et al. 2010

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The chemical and structural organization of the plant cell wall was examined in Zinnia elegans tracheary elements (TEs), which specialize by developing prominent secondary wall thickenings underlying the primary wall during xylogenesis in vitro. Three imaging platforms were used in conjunction with chemical extraction of wall components to investigate the composition and structure of single Zinnia TEs. Using fluorescence microscopy with a green fluorescent protein-tagged Clostridium thermocellum family 3 carbohydrate-binding module specific for crystalline cellulose, we found that cellulose accessibility and binding in TEs increased significantly following an acidified chlorite treatment. Examination of chemical composition by synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared spectromicroscopy indicated a loss of lignin and a modest loss of other polysaccharides in treated TEs. Atomic force microscopy was used to extensively characterize the topography of cell wall surfaces in TEs, revealing an outer granular matrix covering the underlying meshwork of cellulose fibrils. The internal organization of TEs was determined using secondary wall fragments generated by sonication. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the resulting rings, spirals, and reticulate structures were composed of fibrils arranged in parallel. Based on these combined results, we generated an architectural model of Zinnia TEs composed of three layers: an outermost granular layer, a middle primary wall composed of a meshwork of cellulose fibrils, and inner secondary wall thickenings containing parallel cellulose fibrils. In addition to insights in plant biology, studies using Zinnia TEs could prove especially productive in assessing cell wall responses to enzymatic and microbial degradation, thus aiding current efforts in lignocellulosic biofuel production.The organization and molecular architecture of plant cell walls represent some of the most challenging problems in plant biology. Although much is known about general aspects of assembly and biosynthesis of the plant cell wall, the detailed three-dimensional molecular cell wall structure remains poorly understood. The highly complex and dynamic nature of the plant cell wall has perhaps limited the generation of such detailed structural models. This information is pivotal for the successful implementation of novel approaches for conversion of biomass to liquid biofuels, given that one of the critical processing steps in biomass conversion involves systematic deconstruction of cell walls. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the architecture and chemical composition of the plant cell wall will not only help develop molecularscale models, but will also help improve the efficiency of biomass deconstruction.The composition and molecular organization of the cell wall is species and cell type dependent (Vorwerk et al., 2004). Thus, the development of a model plant system, which utilizes a single cell type, has enhanced our capacity to understand cell wall architecture. The ability to genera...

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Ultrastructural appearance of embedded and polished wood cell walls as revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy

Cited by 47 publications

References 19 publications

Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls

Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls

How does the cell wall ‘stick’ in the mucilage? A detailed microstructural analysis of the seed coat mucilaginous cell wall

Imaging Cell Wall Architecture in Single Zinnia elegans Tracheary Elements

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