Ultrastructural localization of wall components in wood cells

Parameswaran, N.; Líese, W.

doi:10.1007/bf02614425

Cited by 46 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In these cells the labeling appeared heterogenous in the polylamellar cell walls (Fig. 6B), in agreement with earlier observations of the uneven distribution of lignin in polylamellate structures (Parameswaran and Liese, 1982). It must be noted…”

Section: Lignification Of Parenchyma Cell Wallssupporting

confidence: 92%

Study of Lignification by Noninvasive Techniques in Growing Maize Internodes (An Investigation by Fourier Transform Infrared Cross-Polarization-Magic Angle Spinning 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Immunocytochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy)

1997

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Noninvasive techniques were used for the study in situ of lignification in the maturing cell walls of the maize (Zea mays L.) stem. Within the longitudinal axis of a developing internode all of the stages of lignification can be found. The synthesis of the three types of lignins, p-hydroxyphenylpropane (H), guaiacyl (C), and syringyl (S), was investigated in situ by cross-polarization-magic angle spinning '3C-solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and immunocytochemical electron microscopy. The first lignin appearing in the parenchyma is of the G-type, preceeding the incorporation of S nuclei in the later stages. How- Lignin is a complex phenyl propanoid polymer, which is integrated into the wall framework of vascular plant cells. This polymer is complex and heterogeneous with respect to the relative proportions of its three constituting monolignol units (Higuchi, 1990). Variations in lignin composition occur within plant species, tissues, cell types, and also according to developmental stage (Campbell and Sederoff, 1996). The ultrastructural heterogeneity of lignin in secondary walls may be more complex than has so far been demonstrated, because it may be influenced by various factors such as the nature of phenoxy radicals, their steady-

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Section: Lignification Of Parenchyma Cell Wallssupporting

confidence: 92%

Study of Lignification by Noninvasive Techniques in Growing Maize Internodes (An Investigation by Fourier Transform Infrared Cross-Polarization-Magic Angle Spinning 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Immunocytochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy)

1997

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“…Absence of staining in controls supports this conclusion. Our staining also agrees with that reported by previous workers for tissues from a variety of species (e.g., Chafe and Chauret 1974, Czaninski 1977a, Parameswaran and Liese 1981 Effect of post-fixation in OsO4: Post-fixation in osmium tetroxide followed by the Coppick and Fowler reaction causes widespread patterns of staining which makes it difficult to interpret the lignin reaction. The fine stain deposits formed in lignified walls relate to the lignin reaction, but the other deposits distributed mainly elsewhere in walls and cytoplasm are non-specific, as shown by their occurrence in controls.…”

Section: Cytochemical Stainingsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…PickettHeaps (1968) also employed autoradiography of lignin precursors. Other workers who have attempted lignin cytochemical localisation using the Coppick and Fowler (1939) method included Czaninski and coworkers (Czaninski 1977a(Czaninski , b, 1979Benayoun et al 1981), Chafe (Chafe 1974, Chafe andChauret 1974), and Parameswaran and Liese (1981). Coppick and Fowler developed their method for staining woody tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As fluorescence microscopy could not resolve their precise location in different wall layers, other cytochemical methods were therefore investigated. To this end, the method of Coppick and Fowler (1939) was examined, following the example of Czaninski (1977a), Chafe (Chafe 1974, Chafe andChauret 1974), Parameswaran and Liese (1981) and Benayoun et al (1981). As these workers provided little information on how they adapted Coppick and Fowler's procedure for use with thin sections, it was considered necessary to first evaluate the conditions under which Coppick and Fowler's procedure might be adapted for cytochemical work using transmission electron microscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyto- and histochemical demonstration of lignins in plant cell walls: an evaluation of the chlorine water/ethanolamine-silver nitrate method of Coppick and Fowler

Fineran

1997

Protoplasma

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Summary.The chlorine water/ethanolamine-silver nitrate method introduced by Coppick and Fowler for the detection of lignins was evaluated for cyto-and histochemical work using different reagents and fixatives for specimens embedded in epoxy resin. Fixation schedules tested included ethanol, glutaraldehyde, and glutaraldehyde followed by OsO4 as a post-fixative. Chlorine water, sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hypochlorite were the oxidising agents evaluated for their efficacy as part of the Coppick and Fowler procedure. The Coppick and Fowler method was tested against stem woody tissue of Lophomyrtus obcordata, and haustorial xylem tissue of the sucker of its attached dwarf mistletoe Korthalsella lindsayi.The presence of lignins in walls of these cells was indicated in thin sections for transmission electron microscopy by fine electron-dense deposits. Post-staining thin sections did not affect the lignin reaction, but tended to mask its effect due to increased wall contrast. In histological preparations lignified walls stained orange/brown. Counterstaining in methylene blue/azur B caused lignified walls to appear dark green/brown and non-lignified walls blue. Fixation in either ethanol or glutaraldehyde produced identical staining for lignins. Penetration by chlorine water was sometimes irregular, more so with glutaraldehyde fixation, with parts of tissues consequently not responding to the lignin reaction. Post-fixation in osmium tetroxide following primary fixation in glutaraldehyde slightly improved penetration of chlorine water. However, osmium caused greater amounts of extraneous stain deposits compared with other fixative regimes. Chlorine water was confirmed as the most effective oxidising agent for reacting with groups in lignins to produce reducing residues in the Coppick and Fowler method. Sodium hypochlorite caused no reaction. Calcium hypochlorite exhibited limited oxidative capacity resulting in slight staining for lignins. The Coppick and Fowler procedure was concluded to be a suitable method for demonstrating * Correspondence and reprints: Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.lignins in cyto-and histochemical preparations using material fixed in either ethanol or glutaraldehyde, and with embedding in epoxy resin.

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“…The concept of a helicoidal pattern or a twisted pattern, composed of a series of planes in which the direction of MFs changes progressively, has been proposed for the plant cell wall (for reviews, see Levy 1984, 1985;Roland et al 1987). In the secondary walls of wood fibres and tracheids, a similar structure and rotative changes in the orientation of depositing (innermost) MFs have been observed (for reviews, see Parameswaran and Liese 1982;Roland and Mosiniak 1983;Satiat-Jeunemaitre 1986;Abe et al 1991;Kataoka et al 1992), supporting the validity of such a concept. However, the reported details of the microfibrillar organization in the secondary wall are not in full agreement from study to study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Orientation of microfibrils and microtubules in developing tension-wood fibres of Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica)

Funada

Ohtani

et al. 1995

Planta

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Abstract. The orientation of cellulose microfibrils (MFs) and the arrangement of cortical microtubules (MTs) in the developing tension-wood fibres of Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var.japonica Maxim.) trees were investigated by electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. The MFs were deposited at an angle of about 45 ~ to the longitudinal axis of the fibre in an S-helical orientation at the initiation of secondary wall thickening. The MFs changed their orientation progressively, with clockwise rotation (viewed from the lumen side), from the S-helix until they were oriented approximately parallel to the fibre axis. This configuration can be considered as a semihelicoidal pattern. With arresting of rotation, a thick gelatinous (G-) layer was developed as a result of the repeated deposition of parallel MFs with a consistent texture. Two types of gelatinous fibre were identified on the basis of the orientation of MFs at the later stage of G-layer deposition. Microfibrils of type 1 were oriented parallel to the fibre axis; MFs of type 2 were laid down with counterclockwise rotation. The counterclockwise rotation of MFs was associated with a variation in the angle of MFs with respect to the fibre axis that ranged from 5 ~ to 25 ~ with a Z-helical orientation among the fibres. The MFs showed a high degree of parallelism at all stages of deposition during G-layer formation. No MFs with an S-helical orientation were observed in the G-layer. Based on these results, a model for the orientation and deposition of MFs in the secondary wall of tension-wood fibres with an $1 + G type of wall organization is proposed. The MT arrays changed progressively, with clockwise rotation (viewed from the lumen side), from an angle of about 35~40 ~ in a Z-helical orientation to an angle of approximately 0 ~ (parallel) to the fibre axis during G-layer formation. The parallelism between MTs and MFs was evident. The density of MTs in the developing tension-wood fibres Abbreviations: FE-SEM = field emission scanning electron microscopy; G = gelatinous layer; MF = cellulose microfibril; MT = cortical microtubule; $1 = outermost layer of the secondary wall; TEM = transmission electron microscopy Correspondence to: R. Funada; FAX: 81 (11) 736 1791 during formation of the G-layer was about 17-18 per gm of wall. It appears that MTs with a high density play a significant role in regulating the orientation of nascent MFs in the secondary walls of wood fibres. It also appears that the high degree of parallelism among MFs is closely related to the parallelism of MTs that are present at a high density.

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Ultrastructural localization of wall components in wood cells

Cited by 46 publications

References 39 publications

Study of Lignification by Noninvasive Techniques in Growing Maize Internodes (An Investigation by Fourier Transform Infrared Cross-Polarization-Magic Angle Spinning 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Immunocytochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy)

Study of Lignification by Noninvasive Techniques in Growing Maize Internodes (An Investigation by Fourier Transform Infrared Cross-Polarization-Magic Angle Spinning 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Immunocytochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy)

Cyto- and histochemical demonstration of lignins in plant cell walls: an evaluation of the chlorine water/ethanolamine-silver nitrate method of Coppick and Fowler

Orientation of microfibrils and microtubules in developing tension-wood fibres of Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica)

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