Ultrathin Injectable Sensors of Temperature, Thermal Conductivity, and Heat Capacity for Cardiac Ablation Monitoring

Koh, Ahyeon; Gutbrod, Sarah R.; Meyers, Jason D.; Li, Chaofeng; Webb, R. Chad; Shin, Gunchul; Li, Yuhang; Kang, Seung Kyun; Huang, Yonggang; Efimov, Igor R.; Rogers, John A.

doi:10.1002/adhm.201500451

Cited by 51 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Initial forms of medical electronics included bulky electronic chip‐based medical devices or planar format flexible electronics, which attached to surfaces of skin or implanted in large areas superficial to the viscera 28,196,197. In contrast, injectable electronics with high aspect ratio formats can reach deep regions of the ventral cavity to directly acquire information and/or provide stimulation 43–45. Unlike the soft brain with a more homogeneous mechanical property, different penetration mechanics of injectable electronics should be applied to each viscus and various clinical applications.…”

Section: Injectable Systems For the Ventral Cavity Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cochlear implants that use long cable‐like electrodes inserted into the spiral shape of the cochlear have restored hearing in patients for many years 30. Furthermore, injectable biomedical devices for different purposes have been developed for the organs of ventral cavity and the spinal cords 43–46. Lastly, electronic chips like radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags in high aspect ratio form could be injected into the subcutaneous region without surgery 47.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injectable Biomedical Devices for Sensing and Stimulating Internal Body Organs

et al. 2020

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The rapid pace of progress in implantable electronics driven by novel technology has created devices with unconventional designs and features to reduce invasiveness and establish new sensing and stimulating techniques. Among the designs, injectable forms of biomedical electronics are explored for accurate and safe targeting of deep‐seated body organs. Here, the classes of biomedical electronics and tools that have high aspect ratio structures designed to be injected or inserted into internal organs for minimally invasive monitoring and therapy are reviewed. Compared with devices in bulky or planar formats, the long shaft‐like forms of implantable devices are easily placed in the organs with minimized outward protrusions via injection or insertion processes. Adding flexibility to the devices also enables effortless insertions through complex biological cavities, such as the cochlea, and enhances chronic reliability by complying with natural body movements, such as the heartbeat. Diverse types of such injectable implants developed for different organs are reviewed and the electronic, optoelectronic, piezoelectric, and microfluidic devices that enable stimulations and measurements of site‐specific regions in the body are discussed. Noninvasive penetration strategies to deliver the miniscule devices are also considered. Finally, the challenges and future directions associated with deep body biomedical electronics are explained.

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Section: Injectable Systems For the Ventral Cavity Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injectable Biomedical Devices for Sensing and Stimulating Internal Body Organs

et al. 2020

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“…In fact, many studies have examined flexible and stretchable sensors to monitor health data [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] such as skin temperature, [9][10][11] electrocardiogram (ECG), [12][13][14][15][16][17] chemical contents in the body through sweat, [18][19][20][21][22][23] and activity. [24,25] These demonstrations are steps toward future wearable multifunctional flexible electronic devices by further developing into a system with improved reliability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, many reports still employ both ultrathin film flexible devices and relatively thick films (several hundred micrometers). [1,[4][5][6][7]9,12,16,18,19,22,28] However, the effect of film thickness on sensing has yet to be discussed, although a systematical study is important to realize precise health data recordings. In addition to the wearability and film thickness depedences, biocompatibility of the sensor and film materials is another important parameter to consider for the practical application as a wearable device.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Yamamoto

Takada

et al. 2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

244

190

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Because a wearable device comprised of a flexible film should be comfortable to wear over the skin, several reports have focused on the film thickness to prepare ultrathin films that are a few micrometers or nanometers thick. [26,27] Thinning a film to this scale should realize a film capable of covering the skin asperity conformally, resulting in a good comfort while wearing and a relatively strong adhesion on skin without glue. However, ultrathin films can be difficult to handle and attach to skin. Additionally, assembling other components such as a signal processing circuit and battery without sacrificing the advantage of thickness remains challenging. Thus, many reports still employ both ultrathin film flexible devices and relatively thick films (several hundred micrometers). [1,[4][5][6][7]9,12,16,18,19,22,28] However, the effect of film thickness on sensing has yet to be discussed, although a systematical study is important to realize precise health data recordings. In addition to the wearability and film thickness depedences, biocompatibility of the sensor and film materials is another important parameter to consider for the practical application as a wearable device.In this study, we explore the dependence of the temperature change, which is measured by a printed temperature sensor fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), on thickness. A thick film was selected due to handling ease and ability to integrate other components in the future. However, some sensors such as an ECG sensor must attach onto skin with good adhesion without sacrificing conductivity, and a relatively thick flexible film itself cannot attach to skin without an adhesion layer. To create good adhesion between an ECG sensor and skin without losing conductivity, a high adhesive conductive polymer onto skin is also developed. Although gel-based electrodes are often used in medical applications, gel-based electrodes are unsuited for long-time measurements due to skin irritation. [15] Thus, we developed a gel-less sticky electrode using biocompatible materials by characterizing the adhesion, impedance between skin and the ECG sensor, and repeatability for use. Finally, as a proofof-concept demonstration, simultaneous efficient skin temperature and ECG signal recordings were conducted using a conductive polymer with an optimized film thickness. Figure 1a describes an integrated device image with a temperature sensor, an ECG sensor, an equivalent circuit between Wearable, flexible healthcare devices, which can monitor health data to predict and diagnose disease in advance, benefit society. Toward this future, various flexible and stretchable sensors as well as other components are demonstrated by arranging materials, structures, and processes. Although there are many sensor demonstrations, the fundamental characteristics such as the dependence of a temperature sensor on film thickness and the impact of adhesive for an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor are yet to be explored in detail. In this study, the effect of film thickness for skin te...

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Nonconventional Biosensors Based on Nanomembrane Materials

Yin

Sheng

2017

Nanobiomaterials

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Ultrathin Injectable Sensors of Temperature, Thermal Conductivity, and Heat Capacity for Cardiac Ablation Monitoring

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Injectable Biomedical Devices for Sensing and Stimulating Internal Body Organs

Injectable Biomedical Devices for Sensing and Stimulating Internal Body Organs

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Nonconventional Biosensors Based on Nanomembrane Materials

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