Unbounded Length Contexts for PPM

Cleary, John G.; Teahan, William J.

doi:10.1093/comjnl/40.2_and_3.67

Cited by 211 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…We did not try PPM£ [9], which applies unbounded contexts, although many researchers regard it as efficient. However, Bunton [5] reports that PPMC of order 5 is better than PPM£ in text compression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On compression of parse trees

Tarhio¹

2001

Proceedings Eighth Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On compression of parse trees

Tarhio¹

2001

Proceedings Eighth Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval

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“…The language modelling involves multiple partial-predictive-match (PPM) models [1,2]. These code text very well, approaching the theoretical maximum compression for English texts (see [17]).…”

Section: Ppm Language Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal Excitatory Interfaces with Automatic Content Classification

Williamson

Murray-Smith

2009

The Engineering of Mixed Reality Systems

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We describe a non-visual interface for displaying data on mobile devices, based around active exploration: devices are shaken, revealing the contents rattling around inside. This combines sample-based contact sonification with event playback vibrotactile feedback for a rich and compelling display which produces an illusion much like balls rattling inside a box. Motion is sensed from accelerometers, directly linking the motions of the user to the feedback they receive in a tightly closed loop. The resulting interface requires no visual attention and can be operated blindly with a single hand: it is reactive rather than disruptive. This interaction style is applied to the display of an SMS inbox. We use language models to extract salient features from text messages automatically. The output of this classification process controls the timbre and physical dynamics of the simulated objects. The interface gives a rapid semantic overview of the contents of an inbox, without compromising privacy or interrupting the user.Keywords Vibrotactile · Audio · Language model · Mobile MotivationWe propose a multimodal interaction style where the user excites information from a device and then negotiates with the system in a continuous, closed-loop interaction. This draws upon the work of Hermann [5,8,7], who introduced model-based sonification. In [7], the authors state:. . .why not sonify data spaces by taking the environmental sound production in our real world as a model. Nature has optimized our auditory senses to extract information from the auditory signal that is produced by our physical environment. Thus the idea is: build a virtual scenario from the data; define a kind of 'virtual physics' that permits vibrational reaction of its elements to external excitations; let the user interactively excite the system and listen.

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“…A simple language model (based upon partial predictive matching, see [8,9]) is used to produce p(letter|prefix) (referred to as p(l|pr)) on a per-word basis. A tree with probability information is generated from a corpus (in this case texts from Project Gutenberg [10]).…”

Section: Probability Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hex: Dynamics and Probabilistic Text Entry

Williamson

Murray-Smith

2005

Switching and Learning in Feedback Systems

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Abstract. We present a gestural interface for entering text on a mobile device via continuous movements, with control based on feedback from a probabilistic language model. Text is represented by continuous trajectories over a hexagonal tessellation, and entry becomes a manual control task. The language model is used to infer user intentions and provide predictions about future actions, and the local dynamics adapt to reduce effort in entering probable text. This leads to an interface with a stable layout, aiding user learning, but which appropriately supports the user via the probability model. Experimental results demonstrate that the application of this technique reduces variance in gesture trajectories, and is competitive in terms of throughput for mobile devices. This paper provides a practical example of a user interface making uncertainty explicit to the user, and probabilistic feedback from hypothesised goals has general application in many gestural interfaces, and is well-suited to support multimodal interaction.

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Unbounded Length Contexts for PPM

Cited by 211 publications

References 17 publications

On compression of parse trees

On compression of parse trees

Multimodal Excitatory Interfaces with Automatic Content Classification

Hex: Dynamics and Probabilistic Text Entry

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