Uncertainties in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Malm, William C.; Schichtel, B. A.; Pitchford, Marc

doi:10.1080/10473289.2011.603998

Cited by 126 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Studies examined uncertainty issues in only one network or the other, whereas other studies examined it between networks. These studies include the initial CSN intercomparisons (Solomon et al, 2000;Coutant and Stetzer, 2001;Solomon et al, 2003), estimating the overall measurement uncertainty for mass or one or more chemical components for CSN and IMPROVE (Solomon et al, 2000;Chow et al, 2001;Solomon et al, 2003;Ashbaugh et al, 2004aAshbaugh et al, , 2004bChow et al, 2004;Watson et al, 2005;White et al, 2005;Yu et al, 2006;Smiley, 2013;Hyslop and White, 2008b), and estimating different uncertainty components (blanks, MDL, sampling artifacts) for OC, mass, ions, and elements by EDXRF (Iyer et al, 2000;Gutknecht et al, 2001;Kim et al, 2001;Lewtas et al, 2001;Fehsenfeld et al, 2004;Subramanian et al, 2004;Gego et al, 2005;Kim et al, 2005;Gutknecht et al, 2006;Zhao et al, 2006;Chow et al, 2008;Hyslop and White, 2008a;Watson et al, 2009;Chow et al, 2010;Gutknecht et al, 2010;Cheng et al, 2011;Maimone et al, 2011;Malm et al, 2011). Several special EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) studies also were conducted to examine sampling artifacts associated with QFF medium caused by a specific filter cassette (Clark, 2002b); the effect of QFF filter type (manufacturer) for collection and analysis of OC and EC (Peterson et al, 2007); the extraction efficien...…”

Section: Measurement Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

U.S. National PM_2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

Solomon

Crumpler

Flanagan

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

226

173

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Section: Measurement Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

U.S. National PM_2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

Solomon

Crumpler

Flanagan

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

226

173

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“…The role of geological material is also enhanced when the Fe marker is leveraged by reasonable assumptions about its abundance in Chinese soils. Approximately 0 to 15% of the measured mass is not quantified by the chemical analysis, which is potentially due to unmeasured species, underestimations for weighting factors for OM and geological material, and uncertainties in filter equilibration and gravimetric analysis (Malm et al, 2011;Kajino et al, 2006).…”

Section: Materials Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Winter and Summer PM_2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities

Cao

Shen

Chow

et al. 2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

384

176

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PM 2.5 in 14 of China's large cities achieves high concentrations in both winter and summer with averages >100 g m À3 being common occurrences. A grand average of 115 g m À3 was found for all cities, with a minimum of 27 g m À3 measured at Qingdao during summer and a maximum of 356 g m À3 at Xi'an during winter. Both primary and secondary PM 2.5 are important contributors at all of the cities and during both winter and summer. While ammonium sulfate is a large contributor during both seasons, ammonium nitrate contributions are much larger during winter. Lead levels are still high in several cities, reaching an average of 1.68 g m À3 in Xi'an. High correlations of lead with arsenic and sulfate concentrations indicate that much of it derives from coal combustion, rather than leaded fuels, which were phased out by calendar year 2000. Although limited fugitive dust markers were available, scaling of iron by its ratios in source profiles shows $20% of PM 2.5 deriving from fugitive dust in most of the cities. Multipollutant control strategies will be needed that address incomplete combustion of coal and biomass, engine exhaust, and fugitive dust, as well as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and ammonia gaseous precursors for ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate.Implications: PM 2.5 mass and chemical composition show large contributions from carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and fugitive dust during winter and summer and across fourteen large cities. Multipollutant control strategies will be needed that address both primary PM 2.5 emissions and gaseous precursors to attain China's recently adopted PM 2.5 national air quality standards.

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“…with different emission sources and/or atmospheric processes (e.g. Bae et al, 2006;El-Zanan et al, 2009;Malm et al, 2010), and higher factors are suggested for more aged aerosols.…”

Section: Reconstruction Of Pm 25 Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of PM<sub>2.5</sub> speciation in representative megacities and across China

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Based on PM 2.5 chemical data sets from literature and from our surface observations, chemical species and reconstructed speciation of PM 2.5 in representative Chinese megacities and across China were compared to draw insights into the characteristics of PM 2.5 speciation. PM 2.5 mass concentrations and speciation compositions varied substantially over geographical regions in China. Near six-fold variations in average PM 2.5 concentrations (34.0-193.4 µg m −3 ) across China were found with high PM 2.5 levels (>100 µg m −3 ) appearing in the cities in the northern and western regions and low levels (<40 µg m −3 ) in the remote forest area (Changbai Mountain) and in Hong Kong. The percentages of the sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, organic matter, crustal material, and elemental carbon in PM 2.5 mass ranged 7.1-57 %, 17.7-53 %, 7.1-43 %, and 1.3-12.8 %, respectively. At both urban and rural sites in the eastern region, the sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonia typically constituted much higher fractions (40-57 %) of PM 2.5 mass, indicative of more local formation/production and regional transport of the secondary aerosols, thus more intensive characteristic of "complex atmospheric pollution" compared to the western region. Organic matter had significant contribution to PM 2.5 over all the sites. Organic matter plus sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia accounted for 53-90 % of PM 2.5 mass across China. PM 2.5 speciation across China was also characterized by high content of crustal material, which was usually at more than ∼10 µg m −3 level or shared ∼ 10 % of PM 2.5 mass in urban Correspondence to: K. He (hekb@tsinghua.edu.cn) areas, due to transported desert dust and locally induced dust. In four representative megacities (i.e. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou), PM 2.5 mass and major components (except sulfate) were at higher levels than those in US continental east by one order of magnitude. Distinct differences in nitrate and sulfate levels and their mass ratio [NO 4 ] imply that mobile sources are likely more important in Guangzhou, whereas in Chongqing it is stationary (coal combustion) sources. The observed intra-city variations in PM 2.5 mass and speciation indicate that both local emissions and regional transportation contributed significantly to high fine particle loadings in Beijing, while local contribution likely played a predominant role in Chongqing. During the ten-year period from 1999 through 2008 in urban Beijing, both the sum of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia and [NO ] ratio exhibited steadily increasing trends, implying that the characteristic of "complex atmospheric pollution" and the contribution from mobile sources were being enhanced.

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Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Cited by 126 publications

References 57 publications

U.S. National PM_2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

U.S. National PM_2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

Winter and Summer PM_2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities

Characteristics of PM<sub>2.5</sub> speciation in representative megacities and across China

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Uncertainties in PM2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

Cited by 126 publications

References 57 publications

U.S. National PM2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

U.S. National PM2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

Winter and Summer PM2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities

Characteristics of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; speciation in representative megacities and across China

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Uncertainties in PM_2.5 Gravimetric and Speciation Measurements and What We Can Learn from Them

U.S. National PM_2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

U.S. National PM_2.5Chemical Speciation Monitoring Networks—CSN and IMPROVE: Description of networks

Winter and Summer PM_2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities

Characteristics of PM<sub>2.5</sub> speciation in representative megacities and across China