“…Stephan, Stephan, & Gudykunst, 1999;van den Bos, Poorvliet, Maas, Miedema, & van den Ham, 2005). Under some conditions, uncertainty also leads individuals to identify more strongly with their ingroup (Jetten, Hogg, & Mullin, 2000), which can harden intergroup boundaries (Hammer, Wiseman, Rasmussen, & Bruschke, 1998;Hogg, Sherman, Dierselhuis, Maitner, & Moffitt, 2007). Because the effects of some cross-cultural competencies and traits may emerge only under conditions of stress , it is important to take these variables into account.…”