Uncertainty in a spatial evacuation model

Abstract

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Evolutionary Game of Emergency Evacuation After an Earthquake at a University: How to Promote Orderly Evacuation

“…The payoffs of different strategies can be represented as rewards, sucker's payoff, temptation and punishment [20,22,23,25,26]. In addition, Ibrahim et al proposed that the game player who chooses a defection strategy will face a conflict cost, which could cause some energy loss or possibilities of receiving injuries [51], but if the game player wins the game, the utility is getting favorable positions in the pedestrian space. Accordingly, Table III lists the parameters that represent the elements of rewards and punishment/cost in games, including the basic hypothesis and constraints among parameters, which are determined according to the questionnaire surveys [52,53], comments on zhihu.com and douban.com, and expert interviews in Institute of Disaster Prevention.…”

“…However, payoffs for defectors and cooperators can also be expressed by, the indirect parameters, utility and cost [27], for example, payoff for defector is to gain the utility/reward by incurring the cost (some energy loss or possibilities of receiving injuries [51]), which could better explain the impact of costs and rewards on payoffs separately. Therefore, we explored the payoff for the three groups, the impulsive evacuees, the calm evacuees, and the university staff, by the utilities/rewards and corresponding costs.…”

Research Issues in Agent-Based Simulation for Pedestrians Evacuation

“…Pedestrians evacuation simulations have been the focus of many researches. The different papers have differed with respect to the purpose: creating evacuation plans [9], [23], [54], evaluating and optimizing evacuation plans [2], [11], [24], [30]- [32], [45], [50], [52], [55]- [65], evaluating buildings structure [1], [10], [25], [33], [33], [46], [47], [51], [59], [60], [66]- [70], allocating authority figures [4], [18], planning paths for rescuers [71], determining the factors that impact fire evacuations and model them [26], [48], and studying human behaviour during emergency [3], [27]- [29], [31], [34]- [39], [49], [51], [51], [58], [72]- [88]. Fig.…”

“…The type of emergency being simulated influences the features of the evacuation model. Fire evacuation was the focus of many studies that considered the impact of fire and/or smoke on the evacuation process [1], [3], [30]- [32], [39], [43], [49], [51], [52], [55], [57], [62], [67], [68], [71], [75], [82], [90]- [93]. Fires impact the environment as they may block exits or impact evacuees vision because of smokes [26].…”

“…On the other hand, crowd dynamics describe pedestrians' movements and interactions in regards of velocity, density, navigation, obstacles and collision avoidance, physical and social interaction, and imitation [114]. For instance, some evacuees would follow the majority of the crowd, while others would run towards the direction of a known exit [39].…”