Unconscious inhibition and facilitation at the objective detection threshold: Replicable and qualitatively different unconscious perceptual effects

Snodgrass, Michael; Shevrin, Howard

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.06.006

Cited by 91 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Finally, we conducted a forced-choice test to objectify potential consciousness of word perception. It is standard procedure to contrast performance in so-called "direct" tests that tap primarily conscious stimulus perception with the performance in "indirect" tests that tap primarily unconscious stimulus perception (Cheesman and Merikle, 1984;Snodgrass and Shevrin, 2006). A claim of unconscious perception can be made if the indirect test, but not the direct test, yields significant effects of stimulus perception (Cheesman and Merikle, 1984).…”

Section: Postexperimental Assessment Of Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then participants underwent the awareness test, where stimulus discriminability was assessed objectively. Standard procedure to establish a claim of unconscious processing is to demonstrate effects of subliminal stimuli in indirect tests (as used in the experiment) in the absence of significant stimulus discrimination in a direct test (Cheesman and Merikle, 1984;Snodgrass and Shevrin, 2006). Our direct test was conducted in the MR scanner and consisted of 30 trials.…”

Section: Test Of Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Reber¹,

Luechinger²,

Boesiger³

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

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Relational inference denotes the capacity to encode, flexibly retrieve, and integrate multiple memories to combine past experiences to update knowledge and improve decision-making in new situations. Although relational inference is thought to depend on the hippocampus and consciousness, we now show in young, healthy men that it may occur outside consciousness but still recruits the hippocampus. In temporally distinct and unique subliminal episodes, we presented word pairs that either overlapped ("winter-red", "red-computer") or not. Effects of unconscious relational inference emerged in reaction times recorded during unconscious encoding and in the outcome of decisions made 1 min later at test, when participants judged the semantic relatedness of two supraliminal words. These words were either episodically related through a common word ("winter-computer" related through "red") or unrelated. Hippocampal activity increased during the unconscious encoding of overlapping versus nonoverlapping word pairs and during the unconscious retrieval of episodically related versus unrelated words. Furthermore, hippocampal activity during unconscious encoding predicted the outcome of decisions made at test. Hence, unconscious inference may influence decision-making in new situations.

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Section: Postexperimental Assessment Of Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Of Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Reber¹,

Luechinger²,

Boesiger³

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This effect can simply result from applying a more effective nonanalytic strategy in preference judgments, and a less effective analytic strategy in recognition judgments (Whittlesea & Price, 2001). This alternative interpretation can be readily applied to the data of Snodgrass and Shevrin (2002;see also Snodgrass et al, 1993;Van Selst & Merikle, 1993) showing an interaction between participants' preference for the "pop" nonanalytic strategy or the "look" analytic strategy and the actual strategy they had to use. This interaction showed that performance was below chance in the nonpreferred strategy and above chance in the preferred one, even though overall performance was at chance.…”

Section: In Defense Of the Single-process Conscious Perception Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have also criticized the evidence stemming from the regression analysis of the position discrimination task of Greenwald et al (1995) in note 4. Finally, in the next section, we shall offer an alternative interpretation of Snodgrass and associates' studies based on double direct measures of consciousness (Snodgrass & Shevrin, 2002;Snodgrass, Shevrin, & Kopka, 1993;Van Selst & Merikle, 1993).…”

Section: Assessment Of the Dual-process Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious perception: The need for a paradigm shift

Holender

Duscherer

2004

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…If, for instance, we used a purely behavioural measure such as task accuracy to test for the presence of conscious experience-this is indeed sometimes performed when experimenters want to make sure that no conscious experience is present [14,21]-we would risk classifying some unconscious information as conscious. If we are to trust our scale, it should not classify any unconscious information as conscious-that is, it should be exclusive [11].…”

Section: Experiments Using Subjective Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinds of Access: Different Methods for Report Reveal Different Kinds of Metacognitive Access

Overgaard

Sandberg

2014

The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition

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In experimental investigations of consciousness, participants are asked to reflect upon their own experiences by issuing reports about them in different ways. For this reason, a participant needs some access to the content of her own conscious experience in order to report. In such experiments, the reports typically consist of some variety of ratings of confidence or direct descriptions of one's own experiences. Whereas different methods of reporting are typically used interchangeably, recent experiments indicate that different results are obtained with different kinds of reporting. We argue that there is not only a theoretical, but also an empirical difference between different methods of reporting. We hypothesize that differences in the sensitivity of different scales may reveal that different types of access are used to issue direct reports about experiences and metacognitive reports about the classification process.

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Unconscious inhibition and facilitation at the objective detection threshold: Replicable and qualitatively different unconscious perceptual effects

Cited by 91 publications

References 71 publications

Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Unconscious perception: The need for a paradigm shift

Kinds of Access: Different Methods for Report Reveal Different Kinds of Metacognitive Access

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