Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics

Zoback, Mark D.; Kohli, Arjun H.

doi:10.1017/9781316091869

Cited by 138 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 467 publications

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“…In particular, the 5.5 M W Pohang, South Korea, earthquake injected only 1/500 of the volume expected for an earthquake of this magnitude, according to some models (Ellsworth et al, 2019; Woo et al, 2019). Instead, tectonic factors such as fault length and slip area ultimately constrain the maximum magnitude earthquake any given fault can host (Aki & Richards, 2002; Zoback & Kohli, 2019). With these tectonic considerations, the statistical nature of seismicity can be factored into the temporal evolution of maximum magnitude (van der Elst et al, 2016).…”

Section: Interpretations and Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Fracturing‐Induced Seismicity

Schultz

Skoumal

Brudzinski

et al. 2020

Reviews of Geophysics

270

176

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Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a technique that is used for extracting petroleum resources from impermeable host rocks. In this process, fluid injected under high pressure causes fractures to propagate. This technique has been transformative for the hydrocarbon industry, unlocking otherwise stranded resources; however, environmental concerns make HF controversial. One concern is HF‐induced seismicity, since fluids driven under high pressure also have the potential to reactivate faults. Controversy has inevitably followed these HF‐induced earthquakes, with economic and human losses from ground shaking at one extreme and moratoriums on resource development at the other. Here, we review the state of knowledge of this category of induced seismicity. We first cover essential background information on HF along with an overview of published induced earthquake cases to date. Expanding on this, we synthesize the common themes and interpret the origin of these commonalities, which include recurrent earthquake swarms, proximity to well bore, rapid response to stimulation, and a paucity of reported cases. Next, we discuss the unanswered questions that naturally arise from these commonalities, leading to potential research themes: consistent recognition of cases, proposed triggering mechanisms, geologically susceptible conditions, identification of operational controls, effective mitigation efforts, and science‐informed regulatory management. HF‐induced seismicity provides a unique opportunity to better understand and manage earthquake rupture processes; overall, understanding HF‐induced earthquakes is important in order to avoid extreme reactions in either direction.

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Section: Interpretations and Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Fracturing‐Induced Seismicity

Schultz

Skoumal

Brudzinski

et al. 2020

Reviews of Geophysics

270

176

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…According to EIA (2015), the US oil and gas production from unconventional reservoirs, which have ultimate-low permeability (microdarcies to nanodarcies), has been tremendously improved since 2007. Even though horizontal drilling and multistage-hydraulic fracturing are necessary to produce with economical rates from such reservoirs (King 2011;Mohanty et al 2019;Warpinski et al 2009;Zoback and Kohli 2019), the oil and gas production rates significantly decrease by 90% in the first two to three years of production (Zoback and Kohli 2019). Despite implementing horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, unconventional oil and gas recovery factors are still ultimatelow, 10% in oil reservoirs and 25% in gas reservoirs (Teklu et al 2019;Zoback and Kohli 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the effect of matrix acidizing injection pressure on carbonate-rich Marcellus shale core samples: an experimental study

Khalil

Emadi

Altawati

2020

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Near-wellbore damage, which significantly reduces hydrocarbon production, can happen during drilling, cementing, perforation, completion, and stimulation operations. The most common technique to remove or bypass this damage is matrix acidizing. The effects of matrix acidizing injection pressure on acid penetration rate, chemical reaction rate, solubility, porosity, and permeability of Marcellus core samples were investigated in this experimental study. To achieve a successful acid treatment, acid type and concentration must be carefully selected. The results of the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the solubility test revealed that 15 wt.% hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the optimum acid. Matrix acidizing treatments were implemented on nine core samples, taken from Marcellus (shale gas reservoir), at the reservoir temperature (66 °C), confining pressure of 10.35 MPa, and three different acid injection pressures (1.72, 3.45, and 5.17 MPa). The results showed that performing acid treatments on the samples containing continuous carbonate layers created highly permeable channels (wormholes) resulting in significant improvement, up to 3900%, in the permeability of the samples. Additionally, the results of the acid penetration rate, chemical reaction rate, solubility, porosity, and permeability revealed that increasing the acid injection pressure resulted in increases in the aforementioned properties of the samples. The results also revealed that any increase in the injection pressure above 3.45 MPa did not demonstrate any significant enhancements in the properties of the samples. The results of the XRD analysis revealed that matrix-acidizing treatments dissolved 23.2% of calcite and 0.4% of dolomite existed in the samples.

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“…Also, both axial and radial confining stresses can be applied in a triaxial cell. We postulate that this is more representative of the in-situ stress conditions in unconventional shale gas reservoirs, where pore pressure is elevated from the hydrostatic pressure, and stress magnitudes tend to be close to isotropic [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Developing a high capacity axis translation apparatus for gas shale testing

Kim

Ferrari

Ewy³

et al. 2020

E3S Web Conf.

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Gas shales are usually partially saturated due to hydrocarbon generation and often have a low in-situ degree of saturation less than 40 %. During stimulation, substantial fluid imbibition into the formation occurs due to high suction. Recent research on these shales showed that changes in saturation strongly affect the strength and elastic properties, as well as their hysteretic behavior. To date, most experimental methodologies were based on total suction control by the vapor equilibrium technique. We postulate that the more representative in-situ conditions can be reproduced by capillary pressure control using the axis translation technique. The main challenge, however, is that the capillary pressure range is limited and far from sufficient to bring gas shales to partially saturated conditions. This paper introduces our recent progress in developing a high capacity axis translation apparatus for gas shales testing. Four high air entry value (HAEV) filter candidates were tested and evaluated for their performances and suitability

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Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics

Cited by 138 publications

References 467 publications

Hydraulic Fracturing‐Induced Seismicity

Hydraulic Fracturing‐Induced Seismicity

Investigating the effect of matrix acidizing injection pressure on carbonate-rich Marcellus shale core samples: an experimental study

Developing a high capacity axis translation apparatus for gas shale testing

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