Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

Rodrigues, Marina Silva; Lima, Luciana; Xavier, Samanta Cristina das Chagas; Herrera, Heitor Miraglia; Rocha, Fabiana Lopes; Roque, André Luiz Rodrigues; Teixeira, Marta Maria Geraldes; Jansen, Ana Maria

doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.004

Cited by 41 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Bats and marsupials have been proposed as bioaccumulators of Trypanosoma spp. since they may display infections by several trypanosome species from different clades: T. cruzi, T. dionisii, T. lainsoni, and T. genarii (Rodrigues et al, 2019).…”

Section: Mixed Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Jansen

Xavier

Roque

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Trypanosomatids are ancient parasitic eukaryotes that still maintain prokaryotic characteristics. Trypanosoma cruzi, a primarily wild mammal parasite, infected humans already long before European colonization of the Americas. T. cruzi heterogeneity remains an unsolved question, and until now, it has still not been possible to associate T. cruzi genotypes with any biological or epidemiological feature. One of the first biochemical attempts to cluster the T. cruzi subpopulations recognized three main subpopulations (zymodemes) that have been associated with the transmission cycles in the wild (Z1; Z3) and in the domestic environment (Z2). The description of wild mammal species harboring Z2 two decades later challenged this assemblage attempt. Currently, the genotypes of T. cruzi are assembled in seven discrete typing units (DTUs). The biology of T. cruzi still shows novelties such as the description of epimastigotes multiplying and differentiating to metacyclic trypomastigotes in the lumen of the scent glands of Didelphis spp. and the capacity of the true meiosis in parallel to clonal reproduction. The study of the transmission cycle among wild animals has broken paradigms and raised new questions: (i) the interaction of the T. cruzi DTUs with each of its mammalian host species displays peculiarities; (ii) the impact of mixed genotypes and species on the transmissibility of one or another species or on pathogenesis is still unknown; (iii) independent T. cruzi transmission cycles may occur in the same forest fragment; (iv) the capacity to act as a reservoir depends on the peculiarities of the host species and the parasite genotype; and (v) faunistic composition is a defining trait of the T. cruzi transmission cycle profile. The development of models of environmental variables that determine the spatial distribution of the elements that make up T. cruzi transmission by spatial analysis, followed by map algebra and networking, are the next steps toward interpreting and dealing with the new profile of Chagas disease with its many peculiarities. There is no way to solve this neglected disease once and for all if not through a multidisciplinary look that takes into account all kinds of human and animal activities in parallel to environmental variations.

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Section: Mixed Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Jansen

Xavier

Roque

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…We observed Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Didelphis albiventris, Oecomys cleberi, Rhipidomys macrurus, and G. agilis, with the latter being the only species that displayed patent parasitemia and in which a distinguished diversity of DTUs was detected. We found other trypanosomatid species (T. rangeli, T. dionisii, Leishmania braziliensis, and L. guyanensis) in D. albiventris, O. cleberi, C. expulsus, and G. agilis showing a higher diversity of trypanosomatids in small mammals (n = 9) than that observed in wild canids (n = 2) of the same area [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…These findings may partially explain the transmission mechanism in the absence of high parasitemias. In addition to our findings, [24] evaluated infection by trypanosomatids in blood clots of 33 out of 70 G. agilis captured in the same area, identifying the infection by several species of Trypanosoma, including T. dionisii and T. rangeli, showing a larger spectrum of Trypanosoma species circulating in the area that were not found in canids [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Trypanosomatids in Small Mammals of an Agroecosystem in Central Brazil: Another Piece in the Puzzle of Parasite Transmission in an Anthropogenic Landscape

et al. 2019

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We surveyed infection by Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. in small wild mammals from Cumari, Goiás State aiming to investigate the diversity of trypanosomatid in a modified landscape of the Brazilian Cerrado (and possible infection overlapping with canids from the same area). Blood, skin, spleen, and liver samples were collected for parasitological, serological, and molecular assays. Gracilinanus agilis was the most abundant species (N = 70; 48.6%) and it was the only one with patent parasitemia. Characterization by mini-exon and 18SrDNA targets were achieved in 7/10 hemocultures with positive fresh blood examination, which confirmed the T. cruzi infection by Discrete Typing Units (DTU) TcI in single (N = 2) and mixed infections with other DTUs (N = 5). T. rangeli and T. dionisii were detected in skin fragments from Didelphis albiventris and Oecomys cleberi, respectively. G. agilis were found to be infected by L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis, while Leishmania sp. DNA was detected in the liver of Oligoryzomys nigripes and Calomys expulsus. Subpatent infection by T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. was serologically detected in 15% and 9% of the small mammal fauna, respectively. Small mammals from Cumari are included in T. cruzi and Leshmania spp. transmission cycles, showing a higher diversity of trypanosomatid species and/or genotypes than that observed in canids of the same agroecosystem.

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“…reptiles [15] and mammals [16]. Nowadays, there are two main methods, which are broadly used to diagnose these infections: microscopic examination (ME) of blood films, usually stained with Giemsa; and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing [13,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

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confidence: 99%

The buffy coat method: a tool for detection of blood parasites without staining procedures

et al. 2020

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Background: Blood parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa, Trypanosomatidae and Filarioidea are widespread in birds and have been studied extensively. Microscopical examination (ME) of stained blood films remains the gold standard method for the detection of these infections in birds, particularly because co-infections predominate in wildlife. None of the available molecular tools can detect all co-infections at the same time, but ME provides opportunities for this to be achieved. However, fixation, drying and staining of blood films as well as their ME are relatively time-consuming. This limits the detection of infected hosts during fieldwork when captured animals should be released soon after sampling. It is an obstacle for quick selection of donor hosts for parasite experimental, histological and other investigations in the field. This study modified, tested and described the buffy coat method (BCM) for quick diagnostics (~ 20 min/sample) of avian blood parasites. Methods: Blood of 345 birds belonging to 42 species was collected, and each sample was examined using ME of stained blood films and the buffy coat, which was examined after centrifugation in capillary tubes and after being transferred to objective glass slides. Parasite detection using these methods was compared using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and Cohen's kappa index. Results: Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, microfilariae, Trypanosoma and Lankesterella parasites were detected. BCM had a high sensitivity (> 90%) and specificity (> 90%) for detection of Haemoproteus and microfilariae infections. It was of moderate sensitivity (57%) and high specificity (> 90%) for Lankesterella infections, but of low sensitivity (20%) and high specificity (> 90%) for Leucocytozoon infections. Trypanosoma and Plasmodium parasites were detected only by BCM and ME, respectively. According to Cohen's kappa index, the agreement between two diagnostic tools was substantial for Haemoproteus (0.80), moderate for Lankesterella (0.46) and fair for microfilariae and Leucocytozoon (0.28) infections. Conclusions: BCM is sensitive and recommended as a quick and reliable tool to detect Haemoproteus, Trypanosoma and microfilariae parasites during fieldwork. However, it is not suitable for detection of species of Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium. BCM is a useful tool for diagnostics of blood parasite co-infections. Its application might be extended to studies of blood parasites in other vertebrates during field studies.

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Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

Cited by 41 publications

References 75 publications

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Trypanosomatids in Small Mammals of an Agroecosystem in Central Brazil: Another Piece in the Puzzle of Parasite Transmission in an Anthropogenic Landscape

The buffy coat method: a tool for detection of blood parasites without staining procedures

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