Under Four Flags: Recent Culture Change Among the Eskimos [and Comments and Reply]

Hughes, Charles C.; Smith, Kaj Birket; Carpenter, Edmund; Chance, Norman A.; Cohen, Ronald; Dunn, Stephen P.; Dunn, Ethel; Dunning, R. W.; Gurvich, Ilʹi︠a︡ Samoĭlovich; Fineberg, L. A.; Honigmann, John J.; Israel, Heinz; Kleivan, Helge; Nellemann, George; VanStone, James W.

doi:10.1086/200556

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The introduction of the firearm (in widespread use by the twentieth century), for example, created a more individualistic approach to hunting at the expense of the co-operative activities previously employed (Hughes 1965;Mary-Rousselliere 1984;Rasing 1994). The introduction of the firearm (in widespread use by the twentieth century), for example, created a more individualistic approach to hunting at the expense of the co-operative activities previously employed (Hughes 1965;Mary-Rousselliere 1984;Rasing 1994).…”

Section: Social Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'Westernization' has changed many social relationships and has resulted in rising inequality, individualised behaviour, and withdrawal from the subsistence economy. The introduction of the firearm (in widespread use by the twentieth century), for example, created a more individualistic approach to hunting at the expense of the co-operative activities previously employed (Hughes 1965;Mary-Rousselliere 1984;Rasing 1994). New belief systems and ethical stances brought to the Arctic by missionaries, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and government agents conflicted with many Inuit practices.…”

Section: Social Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vulnerability to climate change in Igloolik, Nunavut: what we can learn from the past and present

et al. 2006

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Significant and rapid climate change is predicted for Arctic regions. These changes are expected to have implications for indigenous communities. This paper argues that the starting point to understand how future climate change may affect communities is analysis of past and present experience of, and response to, climate variability and change. Using a vulnerability approach, the paper provides an historical account of changing vulnerability to climate-related risks among Inuit in Igloolik, Nunavut. The research demonstrates that Inuit in Igloolik have been highly adaptable in the face of climatic stresses. This adaptability has historically been facilitated by traditional Inuit knowledge, resource use flexibility and diversity, group mobility, and strong social networks. However, societal changes, and more recently biophysical changes, have increased the susceptibility of people to climatic risks and have undermined certain aspects of adaptive capacity. The research indicates that the implications of future climate change will be influenced by the interaction between biophysical and societal changes, will vary over time in response to forces internal and external to the community, and will be differentiated among social groups.

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Section: Social Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Social Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerability to climate change in Igloolik, Nunavut: what we can learn from the past and present

et al. 2006

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“…In the New Hebrides, the population of some islands-for instance, "Tanna, Malo, Paama, Merelava, and probably Tongoa" (Felix Speiser, in Rivers 1922:51)-increased. It would seem that Eskimo populations have generally grown since market products were added to their traditional subsistence economy and that, except for the coastal villages along the Bering and Beaufort Seas, this increase took place without a prior decline (Hughes 1965). How difficult it is to check these assertions can be illustrated from one example Hughes gives-the Angmagssalik Eskimos on the east coast of Greenland, who numbered 413 when Holm discovered them in 1884 and have apparently increased without interruption since then.…”

Section: Depopulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Demographer's View of Prehistoric Demography [and Comments and Replies]

Petersen¹,

Braidwood²,

Dobyns³

et al. 1975

Current Anthropology

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INCREASINGLY DURING the past decade or two, archeologists, prehistorians, anthropologists, and practitioners of related disciplines have grappled with the problems involved in deducing population statistics from various types of merely indicative data. The results have seldom been satisfactory even to the authors themselves. The comment in a recent archeology text (Hole and Heizer 1969:306) seems to be typical of the current mood: Probably few kinds of archeological interpretation have more systematically built-in sources of potential error than have estimates of population, yet such figures are commonly given and used for making further inferences. It is safe to say that, because our concert:s in archeology turn more and more toward reconstructing social systems, we shall have to devise methods of obtaining better demographic data. The way to proceed, I suggest, may be to make fuller use of some of the techniques that demographers have devised to analyze populations in other contexts. 1 The content of this paper was first presented as several lectures in an experimental interdisciplinary course, cross-listed in anthropology and geology-mineralogy, organized by Ernest G. Ehlers at Ohio State University. Its purpose was to present techniques derived from several disciplines that are useful in classifying and interpreting archeological data. In preparing the article, I received welcome guidance from colleagues at Ohio State University: Emilio Casetti in the Geography Department and William M. Sumner,

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“…The increasing interactions between Inuit and outsiders throughout the 20th century led to an expectation that Inuit participation in land activities would decline as they became more behaviourally similar to non-Inuit through wage labour and settlement life. Acculturation models, developed by both non-Inuit researchers, and by Inuit themselves, predicted that Canadian Inuit would become like southern, non-aboriginal Canadians or Qallunaat (the terms will be used interchangeably here) (Hughes 1965; Vallee 1968; Rasing 1994). Such models begin their analysis with an original Inuit identity, which is often labeled ‘Inummariit’ (real or genuine Inuit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identity and the evolving relationship between Inuit women and the land in the eastern Canadian Arctic

Dowsley¹

2014

Polar Record

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Academic discussions around Inuit identity once focused on acculturation. These have mainly been replaced by concepts of adaptation to new living conditions. Yet, Inuit in the eastern Canadian Arctic still frame identity concerns around their land activities and are wary of becoming too much like ‘Qallunaat’ or southerners. This paper examines what material and non-material goods (for example psychological goods) Inuit seek from the land today in order to understand what traditional aspects of their relationships with the land persist and what new ones might have emerged recently. It then discusses the implications these have for Inuit identity. The study found a decrease in the procurement and use of material goods from the land compared with previous generations. Concomitantly, the acquisition of non-material goods has become more formalised and distinctly identified in discussions of land excursions. The non-material goods are clearly linked to Inuit ideology and traditions, rather than to southern ideas. The desire for, and acquisition of, non-material goods is developing both from a top-down or group consensus and bottom-up or individual decision, illustrating an interplay between the construction of group and individual identities in relation to the land. Inuit in the eastern Canadian Arctic are transforming their relationship with the land in a way that demonstrates an emerging identity as community Inuit who are rooted in their own local history and geography and also consciously subscribe to a larger Inuit culture that is premised on values such as sharing and building harmonious relationships.

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Under Four Flags: Recent Culture Change Among the Eskimos [and Comments and Reply]

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Vulnerability to climate change in Igloolik, Nunavut: what we can learn from the past and present

Vulnerability to climate change in Igloolik, Nunavut: what we can learn from the past and present

A Demographer's View of Prehistoric Demography [and Comments and Replies]

Identity and the evolving relationship between Inuit women and the land in the eastern Canadian Arctic

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