Underpinning transport phenomena for the patterning of biomolecules

Pereiro, Iago; Cors, Julien F.; Nelson, Bradley J.; Kaigala, Govind V.

doi:10.1039/c8cs00852c

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube Electrodeposition : The bare gold microelectrode was modified by coating with a chitosan–CNT by using an electrodeposition process adapted from our previous optimization study (CNT loading and electrodeposition time) . A chitosan–CNT electrodeposition solution (20 µL) was dripped on the surface of the microelectrode.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger‐Pricked Sample Volume

Shukla

Ben‐Yoav

2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

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addition, CLZ is the only antipsychotic drug currently approved for treatmentresistant schizophrenia. The FDA has recently permitted greater flexibility in deciding whether to continue or rechallenge CLZ in patients. [2] However, CLZ, although a common evidence-based treatment in the field of mental health, is underutilized. The monitoring of CLZ is burdensome and involves frequent invasive blood draws and its treatment efficacy is suboptimal due to the difficulty in titrating its dose, since over dosage results in toxicity as well as possible side effects such as weight gain, blurred vision, confusion, fever, sweating, and dizziness. [3][4][5] Since CLZ is the only antipsychotic with a defined efficacious clinical range, [6,7] analyzing CLZ blood levels in patients easily and accurately provides important information about the clinical range. For example, CLZ serum levels that are higher than 600 ng mL −1 (1.84 µmol L −1 ) have been associated with severe side effects, toxicity, seizure, and myocarditis. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, psychiatrists estimate that CLZ blood levels should be higher than a 350 ng mL −1 (1.07 µmol L −1 ) threshold level to achieve effective treatment. [15,16] Therefore, clinicians have been advocating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for CLZ therapy [9,17] that can be rapidly done at the point-of-care (PoC), such as at the physician's office or at home. Along the lines of the medical treatment revolution that the glucose finger-prick blood test provided for diabetes patients, in situ analysis of CLZ blood levels in microliter samples would enable rapid CLZ detection in finger-pricked blood of schizophrenia patients. Such a blood test would provide rapid assessment of CLZ treatment efficacy, which would better manage schizophrenia treatment and care.Current analytical methods for TDM of CLZ blood levels have limited capabilities to rapidly measure CLZ levels in microliter samples. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Liquid chromatography, followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), [23] is the gold standard and is available in commercial laboratories. A variation of the method used for venous blood has been adapted to low-volume capillary blood using dried blood spot testing. [24,25] Briefly, the sample is dehydrated on filter paper, transferred to an analytical laboratory, and rehydrated for further analysis using an LC-MS/MS. Although the LC-MS/MS method provides The antipsychotic clozapine is the most effective medication available for schizophrenia and it is the only antipsychotic with a known efficacious clinical range. However, it is dramatically underutilized due to the inability to test clozapine blood levels in finger-pricked patients' samples. This prevents obtaining immediate blood levels information, resulting in suboptimal treatment. The development of an electrochemical microsensor is presented, which enables, for the first time, clozapine detection in microliters volume whole blood. The sensor is based on a microelectrode modified with micrometer-thick biop...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger‐Pricked Sample Volume

Shukla

Ben‐Yoav

2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

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“…The soft template method is mainly divided into biomolecular template method and ionic liquid template method, etc. [75,76,77]. The stencil method has the advantages of being able to easily synthesize aligned NWs array, and low cost of the template, but it also has the disadvantages that the post-processing is complicated and it is difficult to achieve mass production.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Ag Nwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conductive Films

Shi

Deng

et al. 2019

Micromachines

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Flexible transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are widely applied in flexible electronic devices. Among these electrodes, silver (Ag) nanowires (NWs) have gained considerable interests due to their excellent electrical and optical performances. Ag NWs with a one-dimensional nanostructure have unique characteristics from those of bulk Ag. In past 10 years, researchers have proposed various synthesis methods of Ag NWs, such as ultraviolet irradiation, template method, polyol method, etc. These methods are discussed and summarized in this review, and we conclude that the advantages of the polyol method are the most obvious. This review also provides a more comprehensive description of the polyol method for the synthesis of Ag NWs, and the synthetic factors including AgNO3 concentration, addition of other metal salts and polyvinyl pyrrolidone are thoroughly elaborated. Furthermore, several problems in the fabrication of Ag NWs-based TCEs and related devices are reviewed. The prospects for applications of Ag NWs-based TCE in solar cells, electroluminescence, electrochromic devices, flexible energy storage equipment, thin-film heaters and stretchable devices are discussed and summarized in detail.

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“…To overcome this, two approaches are possible: (i) using a higher analyte concentration in the liquid to accelerate diffusion by increasing the concentration gradients, albeit consuming more analyte, or (ii) generating flows (advection) within the liquid to constantly bring fresh analyte close to the surface, thereby reducing the thickness of the depletion zones. Overcoming transport limitations in the latter way can lead to gains in the reaction rate of several orders of magnitude [11] . Therefore, to obtain advection in surface assays, MTPs are often placed on orbital shakers to slosh the liquid in the wells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overcoming transport limitations in the latter way can lead to gains in the reaction rate of several orders of magnitude. [11] Therefore,t oo btain advection in surface assays,M TPs are often placed on orbital shakers to slosh the liquid in the wells. However,t he obtained flows are of limited intensity and mostly present in the liquid bulk far from the surface.T hus, signal gains are limited and often coupled to non-uniformity and low reproducibility,r esulting in suboptimal quantitation accuracy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of surface assays, microfluidics can significantly enhance kinetics and largely improve the time to results and reproducibility. [17][18][19] However, few commercially available systems exist to enhance surface assays with microfluidics, despite three decades of development. A key reason for this is that non-standardized, customdesigned and non-transferable microfluidic systems offer little versatility and compatibility with existing and well-established surface assay labware, protocols and practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advection‐Enhanced Kinetics in Microtiter Plates for Improved Surface Assay Quantitation and Multiplexing Capabilities

et al. 2021

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Surface assays such as ELISA are pervasive in clinics and research and predominantly standardized in microtiter plates (MTP). MTPs provide many advantages but are often detrimental to surface assay efficiency due to inherent mass transport limitations. Microscale flows can overcome these and largely improve assay kinetics. However, the disruptive nature of microfluidics with existing labware and protocols has narrowed its transformative potential. We present WellProbe, a novel microfluidic concept compatible with MTPs. With it, we show that immunoassays become more sensitive at low concentrations (up to 9× signal improvement in 12× less time), richer in information with 3–4 different kinetic conditions, and can be used to estimate kinetic parameters, minimize washing steps and non‐specific binding, and identify compromised results. We further multiplex single‐well assays combining WellProbe's kinetic regions with tailored microarrays. Finally, we demonstrate our system in a context of immunoglobulin subclass evaluation, increasingly regarded as clinically relevant.

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Underpinning transport phenomena for the patterning of biomolecules

Abstract: Factoring transport kinetics into patterning of biomolecules will be key to enhance precision and quantitation in surface assays for biology and medicine.

Cited by 31 publications

References 52 publications

A Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger‐Pricked Sample Volume

A Chitosan–Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger‐Pricked Sample Volume

Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conductive Films

Advection‐Enhanced Kinetics in Microtiter Plates for Improved Surface Assay Quantitation and Multiplexing Capabilities

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