Understanding and preventing violence against adolescent workers: what is known and what is missing?

Work-Related Hazards and Workplace Safety of US Adolescents Employed in the Retail and Service Sectors

“…[41][42][43][44] Therefore, we asked questions about working alone during daylight and/or evening hours. Approximately 10% indicated they had worked alone for Ն 1 day at their referent job during the past year during daylight hours, and 9% percent indicated that they had worked alone after dark (for at least half an hour) Ն1 day a week (Table 4).…”

“…This suggests the potential for interference with school or sleep, as well as potential for exposure to workplace violence that is more prevalent in the retail and service sectors than in other settings. 41,[43][44][45][46][47] For teens younger than 16 years of age, working after 7 PM on school nights is illegal 40 and suggests the need for better enforcement of child labor laws. Although teen worker fatalities are less common in the retail and service sectors than in other sectors, nonfatal injuries in these sectors are common.…”

Area‐Based Socioeconomic Characteristics of Industries at High Risk for Violence in the Workplace

“…In particular, there is a need for studies focusing on the specific neighborhood context and the elucidation of the specific role violent crime plays in workplace homicide (Runyan et al 2003). The use of a socio-ecologic approach provides a framework for understanding the contribution of social factors on workplace violence potential.…”

Foundational workplace safety and health competencies for the emerging workforce

“…The literature pertaining to the epidemiology of adolescent work-related injuries is limited when compared to that for adult workers (Steers, Elliott, Nemiro, Ditman, & Oskamp, 1996); nevertheless, a substantial evidence base has been built over the past two decades that identifies both individual factors, including minority status (Mardis & Pratt, 2003; Miller & Waehrer, 1998; New Zealand Department of Labour, 2007), socioeconomic status (Rauscher & Myers, 2008), and work-based risk factors, such as the fast pace of work (Breslin, Day, et al, 2007; Evensen, Schulman, Runyan, Zakocs, & Dunn, 2000; Frone, 1998; Zakocs, Runyan, Schulman, Dunn, & Evensen, 1998), inadequate supervision and training (Knight, Castillo, & Layne, 1995; Lewko, Runyan, Tremblay, Staley, & Volpe, 2010; Runyan & Zakocs, 2000; Runyan et al, 2007; Zakocs et al, 1998), equipment use (Breslin, Polzer, MacEachen, Morrongiello, & Shannon, 2007; Evensen et al, 2000; Frone, 1998; Knight et al, 1995; Mardis & Pratt, 2003; Parker, Carl, French, & Martin, 1994), working late, and working with cash and customers (Miller & Waehrer, 1998; NIOSH, 2003; Richardson & Windau, 2003; Runyan, Schulman, & Hoffman, 2003), that increase the risk for job-related injuries among adolescents (Breslin, Day, et al, 2007; Laberge & Ledoux, 2011; Rauscher & Runyan, 2013). Lack of job-related knowledge, skills, and training; and lack of job control also contribute to heightened risk among younger workers, who might be less likely to recognize hazards, less likely to speak up regarding safety issues (Breslin, Polzer, et al, 2007; Tucker & Turner, 2013; Zakocs et al, 1998), and less aware of their legal rights as workers (NIOSH, 2003).…”