Understanding Associative Learning Through Higher-Order Conditioning

Gostolupce, Dilara; Lay, Belinda P. P.; Maes, Etienne J P; Iordanova, Mihaela D.

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.845616

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Sensory preconditioning, a variant of higher-order conditioning, was not strongly established under our test conditions, possibly due to an insufficient number of CS2-CS1 paired trials required to establish an association 10,19 . During the CS2-CS1 pairing phase, these conditioned stimuli had no inherent valance, as CS1 was associated with the US only on the subsequent day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The control group (receiving only CS1) did not undergo CS2-CS1 pairing, serving as a baseline for comparison. The number of CS2-CS1 association trials was based on prior rat studies and limited to minimize CS1 extinction 10,19 . Both control and experiment groups exhibited moderate freezing in the chamber without any additional cues, likely due to the contextual fear associated with the chamber from day 2 (Extended Data Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ParabrachialCalcaneurons mediate second-order conditioning

Park,

Zhu,

Cao

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Learning to associate cues, both directly and indirectly, with biologically significant events is essential for survival. Second-order conditioning (SOC) involves forming an association between a previously reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS1) and a new conditioned stimulus (CS2) without the presence of an unconditioned stimulus (US). The neural substrates mediating SOC, however, remain unclear. In the parabrachial nucleus,Calcagene-expressing neurons, which react to the noxious US, also respond to a CS after its pairing with a US. This observation led us to hypothesize their involvement in SOC. To explore this possibility, we established an aversive SOC behavioral paradigm in mice and monitoredCalcaneuron activity via single-cell calcium imaging during SOC and subsequent recall phases. These neurons were activated not only by CS1 following its association with the US but also by CS2 after SOC. Chemogenetically inhibiting these neurons during second-order associations attenuated SOC. These findings suggest that activating the US pathway in response to a learned CS plays an important role in forming the association between the old and a new CS, promoting the formation of second-order memories.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ParabrachialCalcaneurons mediate second-order conditioning

Park,

Zhu,

Cao

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…“Information acquired across different episodes or time points can be linked, thus offering an opportunity to … make novel predictions about the environment”. This was said in the context of “higher-order conditioning” in neuroscience ( 94 ), but the core principles are not that different. The importance is that a trained organ or tissue can infer the significance of present events by reference to those experienced in the past and adapt more efficiently based on this information.…”

Section: Supervised Learning and Immunity: Explore With Quality Contr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrative systems biology view of host-pathogen interactions: The regulation of immunity and homeostasis is concomitant, flexible, and smart

2023

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The systemic bio-organization of humans and other mammals is essentially “preprogrammed”, and the basic interacting units, the cells, can be crudely mapped into discrete sets of developmental lineages and maturation states. Over several decades, however, and focusing on the immune system, we and others invoked evidence – now overwhelming – suggesting dynamic acquisition of cellular properties and functions, through tuning, re-networking, chromatin remodeling, and adaptive differentiation. The genetically encoded “algorithms” that govern the integration of signals and the computation of new states are not fully understood but are believed to be “smart”, designed to enable the cells and the system to discriminate meaningful perturbations from each other and from “noise”. Cellular sensory and response properties are shaped in part by recurring temporal patterns, or features, of the signaling environment. We compared this phenomenon to associative brain learning. We proposed that interactive cell learning is subject to selective pressures geared to performance, allowing the response of immune cells to injury or infection to be progressively coordinated with that of other cell types across tissues and organs. This in turn is comparable to supervised brain learning. Guided by feedback from both the tissue itself and the neural system, resident or recruited antigen-specific and innate immune cells can eradicate a pathogen while simultaneously sustaining functional homeostasis. As informative memories of immune responses are imprinted both systemically and within the targeted tissues, it is desirable to enhance tissue preparedness by incorporating attenuated-pathogen vaccines and informed choice of tissue-centered immunomodulators in vaccination schemes. Fortunately, much of the “training” that a living system requires to survive and function in the face of disturbances from outside or within is already incorporated into its design, so it does not need to deep-learn how to face a new challenge each time from scratch. Instead, the system learns from experience how to efficiently select a built-in strategy, or a combination of those, and can then use tuning to refine its organization and responses. Efforts to identify and therapeutically augment such strategies can take advantage of existing integrative modeling approaches. One recently explored strategy is boosting the flux of uninfected cells into and throughout an infected tissue to rinse and replace the infected cells.

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“…is It depends and reveal some of the parameters that affect the extent of learning about the stimulus properties of the outcome. What is associated with what in second-order conditioning continues to be an area of active investigation with interesting questions emerging in neurobiological research (e.g., Fam et al, 2022; Gostolupce et al, 2022; Holmes et al, 2014).…”

Section: What Are the Contents Of Learning?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in associative theory: A tribute to the contributions of Robert A. Rescorla.

Colwill¹,

Delamater²,

Lattal³

2022

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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The field of associative learning theory was forever changed by the contributions of Robert A. Rescorla. He created an organizational structure that gave us a framework for thinking about the key questions surrounding learning theory: what are the conditions that produce learning?, what is the content of that learning?, and how is that learning expressed in performance? He gave us beautifully sophisticated experimental designs that tackled deep theoretical problems in experimentally clever and elegant ways. And he left us with a collection of work that fundamentally altered the way we as a field think about basic learning processes. Few scientists have impacted their field in the way that Rescorla impacted animal learning theory. In this paper, we introduce this special issue (Developments in Associative Theory: A Tribute to Robert A. Rescorla) by considering some of the many ways in which Rescorla's empirical and theoretical contributions impacted learning theory over his almost 50-year career. We conclude by identifying multiple fundamental issues we think he would have found especially fruitful to pursue as we continue to move forward.

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Understanding Associative Learning Through Higher-Order Conditioning

Cited by 12 publications

References 100 publications

ParabrachialCalcaneurons mediate second-order conditioning

ParabrachialCalcaneurons mediate second-order conditioning

An integrative systems biology view of host-pathogen interactions: The regulation of immunity and homeostasis is concomitant, flexible, and smart

Developments in associative theory: A tribute to the contributions of Robert A. Rescorla.

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