Understanding breast cancer risk - where do we stand in 2005?

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15 (9), [4061][4062][4063][4064][4065] IntroductionBreast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world, accounts for 25% of all cancers (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) in women (GLOBOCAN, 2012). According to recently published data, the overall cancer incidence in Iran has been 110 per 100,000 in men and 98 per 100,000 in women in 2006. Among Iranian women, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, even though its incidence is among the lowest in the world, i.e., 25 per 100,000 (Mousavi et al., 2008).Breast cancer affects Iranian women at least one decade younger than their counterparts in developed countries (Harirchi et al., 2004). There are many published studies about breast cancer in Iran, but the epidemiological aspects of Iranian breast cancer are uncertain.Well known risk factors of breast cancer are genetic and epigenetic factors including: mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, TP53, sex-steroid hormones and lifestyle factors (Hulka and Moorman, 2008;Derks-Smeets et al., 2014).

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Detection of 'High-risk' Human Papillomaviruses in a Group of Iranian Women with Breast Cancer

Ahangar-Oskouee¹,

Shahmahmoodi²,

Jalilvand³

et al. 2014

“…Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women globally and represents the second leading cause of cancer death among women (after lung cancer) (Chandra, 1979;Dumitrescu and Cotarla, 2005). Genetic predisposition accounts for approximately 5-10% of all breast cancers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Correlates of Breast Cancer in South India

Babu

Lakshmi²,

Thiyagarajan³

2013

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women globally and represents the second leading cause of cancer death among women (after lung cancer). India is going through epidemiologic transition. It is reported that the incidence of breast cancer is rising rapidly as a result of changes in reproductive risk factors, dietary habits and increasing life expectancy, acting in concert with genetic factors. Materials and Methods: In order to understand the existing epidemiological correlates of breast cancer in South India, a systematic review of evidence available on epidemiologic correlates of breast cancer addressing incidence, prevalence, and associated factors like age, reproductive factors, cultural and religious factors was performed with specific focus on screening procedures in southern India. Results: An increase in breast cancer incidence due to various modifiable risk factors was noted, especially in women over 40 years of age, with late stage of presentation, lack of awareness about screening, costs, fear and stigma associated with the disease serving as major barriers for early presentation. Conclusions: Educational strategies should be aimed at modifying the life style, early planning of pregnancy, promoting breast feeding and physical activity. It is very important to obtain reliable data for planning policies, decision-making and setting up the priorities.

“…Mutation frequency was found higher in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, tumors grade II, family history of cancer, early menopause and negative ER, PR, HER-2/neu status which have been previously reported-contribute in breast cancer development in Pakistani populations (Naeem et al, 2008;Azizun-Nisa et al, 2008;Sharif et al, 2010;Ahmed et al, 2011) and worldwide (Dumitrescu et al, 2005;Ahmed et al, 2011;Popanda et al, 2013). Woman's breast cancer risk is two or more times greater if she has a family history of cancer (Ahmed et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Germline Variations of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APEX1) Detected in Female Breast Cancer Patients

Ali¹,

Mahjabeen²,

Sabir³

et al. 2014

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APEX1) is a multifunctional protein which plays a central role in the BER pathway. APEX1 gene being highly polymorphic in cancer patients and has been indicated to have a contributive role in Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site accumulation in DNA and consequently an increased risk of cancer development. In this case-control study, all exons of the APEX1 gene and its exon/intron boundaries were amplified in 530 breast cancer patients and 395 matched healthy controls and then analyzed by single-stranded conformational polymorphism followed by sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed fourteen heterozygous mutations, seven 5'UTR, one 3´UTR, two intronic and four missense. Among identified mutations one 5'UTR (rs41561214), one 3'UTR (rs17112002) and one missense mutation