Understanding Dielectrics: Impact of External Salt Water Bath

Phillips, Jonathan; Roman, Alexander

doi:10.3390/ma12122033

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Postulate: The energy and voltage of the charged species, electrons, on the electrodes are higher if more ‘ionic’ dipoles (Na + or Cl − ) are present in the electric double layer. This concept is a variation on the recently postulated Theory of Superdielectric Materials (T-SDM), as discussed elsewhere [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Thus, given a constant charging period, a system with faster ion transport will allow more ions to travel and ‘add’ to the electric double layer than a system with lower ion transport rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Impact of Graphite Orientation and Ion Transport on EDLC Performance

Aurin

Phillips

2021

Materials

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A model study of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC)-style capacitors in which the electrodes were composed of low surface area-oriented flakes of graphite that compressed to form a paper-like morphology has suggested that ion transport rates significantly impact EDLC energy and power density. Twelve capacitors were constructed, each using the same model electrode material and the same aqueous NaCl electrolyte, but differing in relative electrode orientation, degree of electrode compression, and presence/absence of an ionic transport salt bridge. All were tested with a galvanostat over a range of discharge currents. Significant differences in energy and power density and estimated series resistance were found as a function of all the factors listed, indicating that capacitor performance is not simply a function of the electrode surface area. This simple postulation was advanced and tested against data: net ion (Na+, Cl−) ‘velocity’ during both charge and discharge significantly impacts capacitive performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Impact of Graphite Orientation and Ion Transport on EDLC Performance

Aurin

Phillips

2021

Materials

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“…Six main techniques constitute these two families. Among them are methods using two parallel plates (capacitor method) [7,8], inductors [9,10], free-space [11][12][13][14], probes [15][16][17][18], transmission lines [9,[19][20][21], and resonant cavities [22][23][24]. In these examples, adapting the technique to the material and the scanned frequency seems correct, as each method has its advantages and disadvantages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of the Complex Relative Permittivity from the Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line by Resolving Discontinuities

2022

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This paper describes a material complex permittivity extraction technique based on four measurements of two identical coaxial (circular and rectangular) lines, distinguished by their lengths. The paper presents a combination of propagation parameters through mixing the eigenvalue principle and the lines’ characteristic impedance to improve the extraction techniques of intrinsic material parameters. However, the accuracy of some material parameters is insufficient, as the discontinuities at the feedline–ideal line interface are not adequately solved. In these cases, a new formulation of the complex effective permittivity is suggested, associating the propagation constant and the characteristic impedance for a homogeneous structure. Next, uncertain errors that can negatively impact the method are removed from the mathematical expression. Then, a characteristic impedance expression is developed in the second stage to improve the mathematical formulation. Finally, a correction coefficient in tune with reality and a polynomial function to amend the behavior of some of the curves are provided. The approach’s novelty lies in its ability to extract and correct the characteristic impedances despite discontinuity impedances at the ideal line–feedline interface. Several materials are tested with circular and/or rectangular coaxial fixtures to confirm the performance of the suggested method. The test cells are homogeneous, full, and long, at 80 mm and 100 mm (50 mm for the circular one). Determining the propagation constant from the eigenvalue of the wave cascading matrix (WCM) is a fundamental step in this method. Knowing the propagation constant helps to automatically compute a correction coefficient that depends on the fixture and the material being tested. Experimental validation is performed in the frequency range from some MHz to 10 GHz, 13.5 GHz, and 20 GHz, according to the tested material. Both test fixtures are filled with the sample material, with a vacuum considered as a reference parameter. The method’s accuracy is better than 5% on the relative permittivity parameter throughout the frequency range. All the tested samples are compared with the results using the filled two-transmission-line technique (FTTL), using only the eigenvalue determination principle. The trapper cells are coaxially circular and rectangular.

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Theoretical and experimental basis for the super dielectric model of dielectric materials

Phillips¹

2020

phys essays

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Two theories of the fields generated by charges on parallel plate capacitors, the standard model (SM) found in virtually all text books and the recently proposed super dielectric material-theory (SDM-Theory), are described, and contrasted, in terms of theory and experimentally tested predictions. Only the SDM-Theory model is found to be consistent with thermodynamics, basic field theory, and experimental results. According to the SM, dielectrics in the volume between the electrodes of a parallel plate capacitor store the energy in a capacitor in the form of greatly, relative to the no dielectric case, increased electric field strength. This model is shown to be inconsistent with path independent changes in state property (e.g., voltage), and predicts, incorrectly, that dielectric material outside the volume between the electrodes will have no effect on any measurable properties such as capacitance and energy density. In contrast, according to SDM-Theory, a theory shown to be consistent with path independent changes in state properties, as well as “conservative field theory,” the increased stored energy in the presence of dielectrics is not associated with energy in fields, but rather it is due to the “extra” charges stored on the electrodes. The extra charge is required to create a given net field in the presence of a dielectric. Indeed, according to SDM-Theory, the effect of dielectric material, because its polarization is opposite to the electrodes, reduces the net field at all points in space, including within the volume of the dielectric. This is the absolute opposite of the “action” of a dielectric predicated by the SM. In the SDM-Theory, at a given capacitor voltage, virtually identical net fields exist with and without a dielectric, but the capacitance (amount of stored charge) and stored energy, a linear function of the amount of stored charge, of the latter configuration can be many orders of magnitude greater. Moreover, SDM-Theory predicts, consistent with recent observations, that dielectric material external to the volume between electrodes should be nearly as effective at increasing capacitance, etc., as the same dielectric material between the electrodes.

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Understanding Dielectrics: Impact of External Salt Water Bath

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Study of the Impact of Graphite Orientation and Ion Transport on EDLC Performance

Study of the Impact of Graphite Orientation and Ion Transport on EDLC Performance

Extraction of the Complex Relative Permittivity from the Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line by Resolving Discontinuities

Theoretical and experimental basis for the super dielectric model of dielectric materials

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