Understanding of sarcopenia: from definition to therapeutic strategies

Kim, Jee Won; Kim, Ryuni; Choi, Hyerim; Lee, Sang-Jin; Bae, Gyu‐Un

doi:10.1007/s12272-021-01349-z

Cited by 63 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome; thus, the explanation of its cause is still under study, although it has been correlated with the appearance of many symptoms. Inflammation is one of them through the secretion of interleukins (IL-1, IL-6), CRP and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [48]. The inflammatory response induces a reduction on satellite cells production causing degradation of muscle tissue [48].…”

Section: Sarcopenia Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inflammation is one of them through the secretion of interleukins (IL-1, IL-6), CRP and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [48]. The inflammatory response induces a reduction on satellite cells production causing degradation of muscle tissue [48]. Furthermore, inflammatory upregulation in relation with the increase of E3 ubiquitin and MuRF-1 provokes the decrease of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) which is connected to the degradation of muscle tissue [48].…”

Section: Sarcopenia Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is another central mechanism in which its upregulation negatively affects the mitochondrial function, causing myosteatosis, a state where adipose tissue depots in skeletal muscle [51]. Furthermore, mitochondrial downregulation is connected with the increase of the autophagy [52], a catabolic process which has been found to cause sarcopenia [48].…”

Section: Sarcopenia Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The size of muscle fibers is also affected, but to a lower degree. Type II muscle fibers are 10-40% smaller in older than in younger people [61], whereas type I muscle fiber size is largely unaffected [48]. On the other hand, the increase of the cross-sectional area of type I and II muscle fibers, and lean body mass in elderly individuals, leads to the increase in muscle strength [62].…”

Section: Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise and Nutrition Impact on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia—The Incidence of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are diseases which affect the myoskeletal system and often occur in older adults. They are characterized by low bone density and loss of muscle mass and strength, factors which reduce the quality of life and mobility. Recently, apart from pharmaceutical interventions, many studies have focused on non-pharmaceutical approaches for the prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with exercise and nutrition to being the most important and well studied of those. The purpose of the current narrative review is to describe the role of exercise and nutrition on prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older adults and to define the incidence of osteosarcopenia. Most of the publications which were included in this review show that resistance and endurance exercises prevent the development of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Furthermore, protein and vitamin D intake, as well as a healthy diet, present a protective role against the development of the above bone diseases. However, current scientific data are not sufficient for reaching solid conclusions. Although the roles of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia seem to have been largely evaluated in literature over the recent years, most of the studies which have been conducted present high heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Therefore, they cannot reach final conclusions. In addition, osteosarcopenia seems to be caused by the effects of osteoporosis and sarcopenia on elderly. Larger meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials are needed designed based on strict inclusion criteria, in order to describe the exact role of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia.

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Section: Sarcopenia Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sarcopenia Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sarcopenia Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise and Nutrition Impact on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia—The Incidence of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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“…Since pharmacological approaches were not convincing, sarcopenia therapy is limited to a combination of exercise and protein supplementation [ 16 , 17 ]. To improve dietary muscle support, various macro- and micronutrients are under investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DXA-Derived Indices in the Characterisation of Sarcopenia

et al. 2021

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Sarcopenia is linked with increased risk of falls, osteoporosis and mortality. No consensus exists about a gold standard “dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) index for muscle mass determination” in sarcopenia diagnosis. Thus, many indices exist, but data on sarcopenia diagnosis agreement are scarce. Regarding sarcopenia diagnosis reliability, the impact of influencing factors on sarcopenia prevalence, diagnosis agreement and reliability are almost completely missing. For nine DXA-derived muscle mass indices, we aimed to evaluate sarcopenia prevalence, diagnosis agreement and diagnosis reliability, and investigate the effects of underlying parameters, presence or type of adjustment and cut-off values on all three outcomes. The indices were analysed in the BioPersMed cohort (58 ± 9 years), including 1022 asymptomatic subjects at moderate cardiovascular risk. DXA data from 792 baselines and 684 follow-up measurements (for diagnosis agreement and reliability determination) were available. Depending on the index and cut-off values, sarcopenia prevalence varied from 0.6 to 36.3%. Height-adjusted parameters, independent of underlying parameters, showed a relatively high level of diagnosis agreement, whereas unadjusted and adjusted indices showed low diagnosis agreement. The adjustment type defines which individuals are recognised as sarcopenic in terms of BMI and sex. The investigated indices showed comparable diagnosis reliability in follow-up examinations

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Post‐translational regulation of muscle growth, muscle aging and sarcopenia

Zhong

Zheng

et al. 2023

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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Skeletal muscle makes up 30-40% of the total body mass. It is of great significance in maintaining digestion, inhaling and exhaling, sustaining body posture, exercising, protecting joints and many other aspects. Moreover, muscle is also an important metabolic organ that helps to maintain the balance of sugar and fat. Defective skeletal muscle function not only limits the daily activities of the elderly but also increases the risk of disability, hospitalization and death, placing a huge burden on society and the healthcare system. Sarcopenia is a progressive decline in muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle function with age caused by environmental and genetic factors, such as the abnormal regulation of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs).

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Understanding of sarcopenia: from definition to therapeutic strategies

Cited by 63 publications

References 161 publications

Exercise and Nutrition Impact on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia—The Incidence of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review

Exercise and Nutrition Impact on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia—The Incidence of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review

DXA-Derived Indices in the Characterisation of Sarcopenia

Post‐translational regulation of muscle growth, muscle aging and sarcopenia

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