Molecular
orientation plays a pivotal role in defining the functionality
and chemistry of interfaces, yet accurate measurements probing this
important feature are few, due, in part, to technical and analytical
limitations in extracting information from molecular monolayers. For
example, buried liquid/liquid interfaces, where a complex and poorly
understood balance of inter- and intramolecular interactions impart
structural constraints that facilitate the formation of supramolecular
assemblies capable of new functions, are difficult to probe experimentally.
Here, we use vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, numerical
polarization analysis, and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations
to probe molecular orientations at buried oil/aqueous interfaces decorated
with amphiphilic oligomers. We show that the orientation of self-assembled
oligomers changes upon the addition of salts in the aqueous phase.
The evolution of these structures can be described by competitive
ion effects in the aqueous phase altering the orientations of the
tails extending into the oil phase. These specific anionic effects
occur via interfacial ion pairing and associated changes in interfacial
solvation and hydrogen-bonding networks. These findings provide more
quantitative insight into orientational changes encountered during
self-assembly and pave the way for the design of functional interfaces
for chemical separations, neuromorphic computing applications, and
related biomimetic systems.