“…Second, control variable index system, social economy, and environment were considered according to the relevant literature and the principles of representativeness, accuracy, and conciseness (Huang et al, 2016). Among them, the socioeconomic dimension indicators include the per capita GDP, representing the impact of local economic development on agricultural development, the number of ordinary middle school graduates, representing the education of the agricultural labor force, and the income ratio of rural residents to urban residents, representing the characteristics of rural–urban income gap (Ma et al, 2018; Yang, Yang, et al, 2023). The natural environment dimension indicators cover the annual average precipitation and annual average temperature, representing the key climatic characteristics restricting agricultural production, and the land use diversity, representing the regional land use structure characteristics (Chen & Gong, 2021; Guo et al, 2020) (please see Supporting Information for data descriptive).…”