Understanding the effect of nonmetallic impurities in regenerated cathode materials for lithium-ion battery recycling by tracking down impurity elements

Beak, Mincheol; Park, Jangho; Park, Sanghyuk; Jeong, Seongdeock; Kang, Jingu; Choi, Woosung; Yoon, Won‐Sub; Kwon, Kyungjung

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127907

Cited by 34 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Except for elements used as the cathode and anode active materials, spent LIBs generate significant amounts of Fe, Al, Cu, and Na, as well as trace amounts of Zn, Mg, and Ca during the LIB recycling process as shown in Table 1 16 . In our previous study, it was confirmed that various metal and nonmetal impurities are present in the regenerated cathode active materials after the purification process 17 . In addition, the effects of relatively high concentrations of impurities such as Fe, 18,19 Al 20,21 Cu, 22 and Na 23 on the resynthesized cathode active materials were investigated individually at impurity levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…16 In our previous study, it was confirmed that various metal and nonmetal impurities are present in the regenerated cathode active materials after the purification process. 17 In addition, the effects of relatively high concentrations of impurities such as Fe, 18,19 Al 20,21 Cu, 22 and Na 23 on the resynthesized cathode active materials were investigated individually at impurity levels. However, Zn and Ca have been overlooked in related studies on impurity effects because of their negligible concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x

Jeong

Park

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary In the development of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode active materials in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles, it is widely accepted that Ni‐rich and Co‐free NCM is the best candidate for the promotion of electric vehicle deployment. Inspired by the fact that Zn is an element that can be incorporated in regenerated NCM in the LIB recycling, Zn is doped into NCM from an impurity level in the leachate from spent LIBs to a level where Co is completely replaced by Zn. LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2 (NCM955), LiNi0.9Co0.0495Mn0.05Zn0.0005O2 (NCMZ‐0.05), LiNi0.9Co0.045Mn0.05Zn0.005O2 (NCMZ‐0.5), and LiNi0.9Mn0.05Zn0.05O2 (NMZ955) are synthesized by a co‐precipitation method. It is confirmed that Zn, which has a similar radius to Li+ and Ni2+, is incorporated into both Li and transition metal layers. An optimum cation mixing on the Zn‐doped NCM surface and the expanded NCM lattice due to Zn doping lead to improved cyclability and rate capability. For example, the optimized NCMZ‐0.5 exhibits enhanced capacity retention of 91.7% compared to NCM955 (69.8%) after 80 cycles. The cyclability improvement of Zn‐doped NCM is ascribed to better reversibility as well as lower overvoltage than NCM955. In particular, NMZ955 displays outstanding capacity retention in cycling tests with a wide voltage range, which implies that Co‐free NMZ has a competitive edge in cyclability compared to NCM. This work not only elucidates the positive effect of Zn doping in regenerated NCM, but also further provides a practical approach to designing a Co‐free Ni‐rich cathode for higher energy density.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x

Jeong

Park

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…As can be seen from Table 1, the composition of black mass provided by an LIB recycling company (SungEel Hi-Tech, Gunsan, Republic of Korea) includes the constituent elements of LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 (NCM) cathode materials such as Ni, Co, and Mn with the metallic impurity elements of Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg. These impurity elements are known to originate from LIB current collectors, casings, and the hydrometallurgical process of LIB recycling [30]. Meanwhile, black alloys 1 and 2 from the two available relevant references did not show exactly the same compositions, even considering the difference in units for displaying the composition of black alloys in each reference [28,29].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Extraction Strategies from Black Alloy Leachate: A Comparative Study of Solvent Extractants

Koo,

Kim,

Kim

et al. 2024

Batteries

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Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial to prevent environmental pollution and recover valuable metals. Traditional methods for recycling spent LIBs include hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Among these methods, solvent extraction can selectively extract valuable metals in spent LIB leachate. Meanwhile, spent LIBs that underwent pyrometallurgical treatment generate a so-called ‘black alloy’ of Ni, Co, Cu, and so on. These elements in the black alloy need to be separated by solvent extraction and there have been few studies on extracting valuable metals from black alloy. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the extraction behavior of elements in black alloy and optimize the solvent extraction process to recover valuable metals. In this paper, four types of organic extractants are used to extract metals from simulated black alloy leachate: di-(2ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex272), 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A), and neodecanoic acid (Versatic acid 10). Based on the pH isotherms, D2EHPA would be the most reasonable for Mn extraction and impurity removal. Cyanex 272 would be more suitable for Co separation than PC88A, and Versatic acid 10 is preferred for Cu extraction over other metals. In conclusion, the optimal combination of extractants is suggested for the recovery of valuable metals.

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“…These elements are commonly found in recycled battery materials. [36][37][38] It's worth noting that Zr and Ba may be introduced from thermal batteries (ZrBaCrO 4 ). Moreover, Ba has been employed as a bulking additive in lead-acid batteries to enhance reversibility under high-rate conditions.…”

Section: Characterization Of Recycled Graphitementioning

confidence: 99%

Spent graphite from lithium-ion batteries: re-use and the impact of ball milling for re-use

Peng,

Maslek,

Sharma

2024

RSC Sustain.

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Understanding the effect of nonmetallic impurities in regenerated cathode materials for lithium-ion battery recycling by tracking down impurity elements

Cited by 34 publications

References 28 publications

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x

Extraction Strategies from Black Alloy Leachate: A Comparative Study of Solvent Extractants

Spent graphite from lithium-ion batteries: re-use and the impact of ball milling for re-use

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Understanding the effect of nonmetallic impurities in regenerated cathode materials for lithium-ion battery recycling by tracking down impurity elements

Cited by 34 publications

References 28 publications

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi 0 . 9 Co 0 . 05−x Mn 0 . 05 Zn x

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi 0 . 9 Co 0 . 05−x Mn 0 . 05 Zn x

Extraction Strategies from Black Alloy Leachate: A Comparative Study of Solvent Extractants

Spent graphite from lithium-ion batteries: re-use and the impact of ball milling for re-use

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The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x

The enhancement of cyclability of Ni‐rich LiNi ₀ _. ₉ Co ₀ _. _05−x Mn ₀ _. ₀₅ Zn _x