Understanding the Thermodynamics of Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) Combustion Systems: An Analytical and Experimental Investigation

Anderson, William E.; Yang, Jia; Brehob, Diana D.; Vallance, J. K.; Whiteaker, R. M.

doi:10.4271/962018

Cited by 116 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…These benefits are gaining more attention with the continuing trend of downsizing and super-or turbocharging of engines, due to increasingly strict emissions regulations [5,6,7]. Additional benefits of GDI are the option to completely shut-off fuel supply while coasting [8] and improved cold start behaviour compared to PFI engines [9,10].One major challenge of the GDI concept, however, is the potential for increased formation of particulate emissions. Recent emissions legislations such as EURO 6 in Europe and LEV III (Low Emissions Vehicle Program) in the US pose very strict limitations on particle number and mass (PM) concentrations [11,12].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Injector Fouling and Its Impact on Engine Emissions and Spray Characteristics in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

Henkel

Hardalupas

Taylor

et al. 2017

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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Unlike in port fuel injection (PFI) systems, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines deliver fuel directly into the combustion chamber. This opens up the possibility of new injection strategies and can improve efficiency and fuel consumption, especially under partial load [1,2,3]. An additional advantage is the so-called stratified charge operation, which allows adjustment of the injection and ignition timings of the engine, to further optimise engine operation [4]. In addition, the charge cooling effect observed during fuel injection allows for the use of higher compression ratios, with reduced risk of knocking. These benefits are gaining more attention with the continuing trend of downsizing and super-or turbocharging of engines, due to increasingly strict emissions regulations [5,6,7]. Additional benefits of GDI are the option to completely shut-off fuel supply while coasting [8] and improved cold start behaviour compared to PFI engines [9,10].One major challenge of the GDI concept, however, is the potential for increased formation of particulate emissions. Recent emissions legislations such as EURO 6 in Europe and LEV III (Low Emissions Vehicle Program) in the US pose very strict limitations on particle number and mass (PM) concentrations [11,12]. Methods to control particulate emissions from GDI engines are therefore important.Introduction of an injector into the combustion chamber of a GDI engine results in direct exposure of the injector tip to the harsh conditions occurring during combustion. Because the flame directly interacts with the nozzle, combustion products can be deposited on the surface and inside cavities. This is usually referred to as injector fouling or coking and can have an adverse effect on fuel consumption, engine performance and both hydrocarbons and particulate emissions. Formation of deposits on the injector tip can result in alteration of spray pattern leading to increased spray impingement and therefore increased particulate emissions [13,14,15,16].The phenomenon of injector fouling and how it is influenced by fuel and engine parameters was the focus of a number of studies. Aradi et al. [17] investigated different fuel blends under several conditions in a four cylinder engine. They used rich fuel-to-air ratios in order to promote fouling. By measuring the temperature of the injector tip with an internal sensor, they saw that with increasing temperature Injector Fouling and Its Impact on Engine Emissions and Spray Characteristics in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines ABSTRACTIn Gasoline Direct Injection engines, direct exposure of the injector to the flame can cause combustion products to accumulate on the nozzle, which can result in increased particulate emissions. This research observes the impact of injector fouling on particulate emissions and the associated injector spray pattern and shows how both can be reversed by utilising fuel detergency. For this purpose multi-hole injectors were deliberately fouled in a four-cylinder test engine with two different base fuels. During a fo...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Injector Fouling and Its Impact on Engine Emissions and Spray Characteristics in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

Henkel

Hardalupas

Taylor

et al. 2017

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is further supported by the engine's response to PFI/DI split ratio, shown in Figure 7, where 100% DI fuelling gave the most performance; in fact the performance of the engine is broadly constant down to and including 70% of the total fuel load being supplied by the DI system. This result is attributed to optimum air-fuel mixing and the maximum use of the latent heat of the fuel being ensured by the very high tumble flow, while PFI operation not only removes most (but not all) of this effect but also displaces more oxygen (13). Figure 2, i.e.…”

Section: Engine Testing and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Ultra boost for economy: realizing a 60% downsized engine concept

Turner

Popplewell

Richardson

et al. 2013

Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, Fuel Economy and Emissions

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“…20). Lower injection pressure provides larger fuel droplets, thus resulting in delay of the in-cylinder mixture preparation [18]. Fuel pressure, in practice, did not influence CO and unburned hydrocarbons (Fig.…”

Section: Research Results With Variable Fuel-rail Pressurementioning

confidence: 97%

“…High in-cylinder temperatures during the injection provide quick fuel evaporation and mixture formation. Even at late start of injection (SOI) angle equal to 70°CA after TDC in NVO phase temperature at the end of injection (EOI) exceeds 600 K. It results with a fuel droplet lifetime at level of one millisecond [18], which corresponds to 9 crank-angle degrees at 1500 rev/min. However, temperature influences not only thermodynamic processes but also chemical reactions i.e.…”

Section: Experimental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 97%