Understanding the trophic relationships amongst arthropods in olive grove by δN¹⁵and δC¹³stable isotope analysis

Abstract

So far the limited knowledge about the diet of omnivores and generalist predators in olive groves has not allowed the clarification of their role as natural enemies. Stable isotope (δN15 and δC13) analysis is a useful tool for predicting the trophic position of a high number of species, the variety of basal resources and the flux of energy in the food web. We have explored the possible consumers of two important pests in the olive grove: adults of Prays oleae Bern (Lepidoptera: Praydidae) during its anthophagous generation and the pupae of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In addition, we have included in the study the adult instar of the secondary pest Euphyllura olivina (Costa) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). These arthropods were clustered in isotopic groups according to their similarities in δN15 and δC13 content assuming that, in this case, they shared similar feeding habits. Using this criterion, we obtained eight isotopically different groups of predators and eleven groups of phytophagous insects. We have used Bayesian mixing models in order to identify the potential predators of the different pests included in our study and the proportion that each pest occupied in the diet of the identified predators. Different taxa of spiders and Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) have emerged as potential predators of B. oleae. Moreover, Gnaphosidae (Araneae) showed suitable isotopic characteristics to be identified as potential predator of P. oleae and A. nemoralis has been confirmed as a predator of E. olivina. The presence of E. olivina as an abundant resource encourages the settlement of natural enemies in olive orchards which feed on this secondary pest, but are also ready to feed on any insect outbreak, for example P. oleae.

Elucidating the trophic role of Tapinoma ibericum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as a potential predator of olive pests

“…This technique has the potential to track energy or mass flow through ecological communities and help to discern complex trophic interactions, such as omnivory (Post, 2002). Studying the natural abundance of SI allowed us to evaluate trophic relationships (Morente & Ruano, 2022), infer animal diet types (Santi‐Júnior et al, 2018) and assess species interactions (Caut et al, 2009). However, to do so, it is important to know the isotopic enrichment rate, which may change in different species (Quinby et al, 2020; Spence & Rosenheim, 2005), as well as the time needed for isotopes to be incorporated in the tissues of our species of interest (Franssen et al, 2017).…”