Unexpected Anthropophily in the Potential Secondary Malaria Vectors<i>Anopheles coustani</i>s.l. and<i>Anopheles squamosus</i>in Macha, Zambia

Fornadel, Christen; Norris, L. C.; Franco, Verónica; Norris, Douglas E.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0082

Cited by 67 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…coustani is previously recognized to have a zoophilic behaviour, it has recently been reported to also possess anthrophilic tendencies implicating the species in the potential transmission of human malaria (Fornadel et al . ). Our results suggest that Asaia can infect field populations of most mosquito disease vectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Deep sequencing reveals extensive variation in the gut microbiota of wild mosquitoes from Kenya

et al. 2012

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The mosquito midgut is a hostile environment that vector-borne parasites must survive to be transmitted. Commensal bacteria in the midgut can reduce the ability of mosquitoes to transmit disease, either by having direct anti-parasite effects or by stimulating basal immune responses of the insect host. As different bacteria have different effects on parasite development, the composition of the bacterial community in the mosquito gut is likely to affect the probability of disease transmission. We investigated the diversity of mosquito gut bacteria in the field using 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA to build up a comprehensive picture of the diversity of gut bacteria in eight mosquito species in this population. We found that mosquito gut typically has a very simple gut microbiota that is dominated by a single bacterial taxon. Although different mosquito species share remarkably similar gut bacteria, individuals in a population are extremely variable and can have little overlap in the bacterial taxa present in their guts. This may be an important factor in causing differences in disease transmission rates within mosquito populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Deep sequencing reveals extensive variation in the gut microbiota of wild mosquitoes from Kenya

et al. 2012

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“…However, an increasing number of reports suggest an important role for An. coustani as a malaria vector in changing transmission settings in East Africa [51] and beyond [53, 54]. Due to its absence from the indoor environment [55], this vector will not be adequately targeted by current vector control interventions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the potential of using cattle for malaria vector surveillance and control: a pilot study in western Kenya

et al. 2017

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BackgroundMalaria vector mosquitoes with exophilic and zoophilic tendencies, or with a high acceptance of alternative blood meal sources when preferred human blood-hosts are unavailable, may help maintain low but constant malaria transmission in areas where indoor vector control has been scaled up. This residual transmission might be addressed by targeting vectors outside the house. Here we investigated the potential of insecticide-treated cattle, as routinely used for control of tsetse and ticks in East Africa, for mosquito control.MethodsThe malaria vector population in the study area was investigated weekly for 8 months using two different trapping tools: light traps indoors and cattle-baited traps (CBTs) outdoors. The effect of the application of the insecticide deltamethrin and the acaricide amitraz on cattle on host-seeking Anopheles arabiensis was tested experimentally in field-cages and the impact of deltamethrin-treated cattle explored under field conditions on mosquito densities on household level.ResultsCBTs collected on average 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8–4.2) primary [Anopheles gambiae (s.s.), An. arabiensis and An. funestus (s.s.)] and 6.3 (95% CI: 3.6–11.3) secondary malaria vectors [An. ivulorum and An. coustani (s.l.)] per trap night and revealed a distinct, complementary seasonality. At the same time on average only 1.4 (95% CI: 0.8–2.3) primary and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.6–2.0) secondary malaria vectors were collected per trap night with light traps indoors. Amitraz had no effect on survival of host-seeking An. arabiensis under experimental conditions but deltamethrin increased mosquito mortality (OR 19, 95% CI: 7–50), but only for 1 week. In the field, vector mortality in association with deltamethrin treatment was detected only with CBTs and only immediately after the treatment (OR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.13–0.52).ConclusionsEntomological sampling with CBTs highlights that targeting cattle for mosquito control has potential since it would not only target naturally zoophilic malaria vectors but also opportunistic feeders that lack access to human hosts as is expected in residual malaria transmission settings. However, the deltamethrin formulation tested here although used widely to treat cattle for tsetse and tick control, is not suitable for the control of malaria vectors since it causes only moderate initial mortality and has little residual activity.

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“…32 This PCR amplifies a small portion of the cytochrome b gene of P. falciparum and is more sensitive than the commonly used Snounou and others 32 PCR, producing a fragment with an expected size of 183 base pairs. 33 Circumsporozoite protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CSP-ELISA) for P. falciparum detection. The CSP-ELISA method as described by the Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource Center (MR4) was used to detect P. falciparum CSP in the mosquito head and thorax.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat Partitioning of Malaria Vectors in Nchelenge District, Zambia

Das

Muleba

Stevenson

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Nchelenge District in Luapula Province, northern Zambia, experiences holoendemic malaria despite implementation of vector control programs. The major Anopheles vectors that contribute to Plasmodium falciparum transmission in this area had not previously been well defined. Three collections performed during the 2012 wet and dry seasons and the 2013 wet season revealed Anopheles funestus sensu stricto and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto as the main vectors, where 80-85% of each collection was composed of An. funestus. Both vectors were found to be highly anthropophilic, and An. funestus has higher sporozoite infection rates (SIRs) and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) year-round compared with An. gambiae: SIRs of 1.8-3.0% and 0-2.5%, respectively, and EIRs of 3.7-41.5 infectious bites per 6-month period (ib/p/6mo) and 0-5.9 ib/p/6mo, respectively. Spatial and temporal changes in each vector's dynamics and bionomics were also observed. Anopheles funestus was the predominant vector in the villages near Kenani Stream in both wet and dry seasons, whereas An. gambiae was found to be the main vector in areas near Lake Mweru during the wet season. The vector data illustrate the need for broader temporal and spatial sampling in Nchelenge and present unique opportunities to further our understanding of malarial transmission and implications for malarial control in high-risk areas.

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Unexpected Anthropophily in the Potential Secondary Malaria VectorsAnopheles coustanis.l. andAnopheles squamosusin Macha, Zambia

Cited by 67 publications

References 35 publications

Deep sequencing reveals extensive variation in the gut microbiota of wild mosquitoes from Kenya

Deep sequencing reveals extensive variation in the gut microbiota of wild mosquitoes from Kenya

Exploring the potential of using cattle for malaria vector surveillance and control: a pilot study in western Kenya

Habitat Partitioning of Malaria Vectors in Nchelenge District, Zambia

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