Unhooked

Christensen, Ove

doi:10.7146/kok.v23i80.20709

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, in vivo experiments carried out by overexpressing the native mazF gene indicated that the RNA cleavage by MazF occurs not only at 5 0 -NAC-3 0 sites [18,21], thus further supporting our view that the intrinsic activity of MazF is subject to additional controls. Possibly, the in vivo function of MazF is determined by its interaction with particular host factors (e.g., components of the translation machinery) in response to specific physiological stimuli, as previously suggested [18]. However, the relaxed substrate specificity of MazF and the fact that cleavage occurs in a ribosome-independent manner suggest that the ribonuclease activity of MazF may not be restricted to targeting messenger RNA, but rather involves the regulation of a larger panel of RNA-dependent cellular processes.…”

Section: Rna Cleavage Assayssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…In contrast, three lines of evidence argue in favor of our observations: (i) all the 5 0 -(U/A)AC-3 0 sites present in TAR, CopA or CopT RNAs were cut by MazF, with no exception (this work; Fig. 3B); (ii) 5 0 -AAC-3 0 present in the E. coli tmRNA was a strong cleavage site for MazF in vivo [18]; and (iii) although presented as an exception rather than a rule, Zhang et al [21] also show that the lacZ mRNA is cleaved by MazF between the U and A residues in a 5 0 -UAC-3 0 site. However, the reasons for the discrepancy between the work reported here and that of Zhang and co-workers are unclear.…”

Section: Rna Cleavage Assaysmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…Moreover, the mechanism of action of the MazF toxin has been approached by two recent reports. The first one indicated that the in vivo overproduction of the MazF toxin induced the cleavage of translated mRNAs [18], thus closely resembling the mechanism of RelE, the toxin of the TA system relBE of E. coli that catalyzes the cleavage of specific mRNA codons at the A site of the ribosome [19,20]. The second piece of work, which was carried out in vitro using a purified histidine-tagged MazF protein (MazF-His6), indicated that this toxin was an endoribonuclease that cleaved only single-stranded RNA regions specifically at ACA sequences [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In essence, these reports were consistent in that MazF mediates messenger RNA cleavage to cause a block of protein synthesis in vivo. However, the finding of a ribosome-independent ribonuclease activity [21] argued against the claim that MazF cleavage exclusively involved mRNA molecules that were being translated [18]. Moreover, the RNA cleavage specificities reported in vivo for MazF [18] and in vitro for His6-MazF [21] were basically inconsistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the finding of a ribosome-independent ribonuclease activity [21] argued against the claim that MazF cleavage exclusively involved mRNA molecules that were being translated [18]. Moreover, the RNA cleavage specificities reported in vivo for MazF [18] and in vitro for His6-MazF [21] were basically inconsistent. Here, we aimed to clarify the situation by carrying out an independent in vitro analysis of MazF endoribonuclease activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into the specificity of RNA cleavage by the Escherichia coli MazF toxin

et al. 2004

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The mazEF (chpA) toxin-antitoxin system of Escherichia coli is involved in the cell response to nutritional and antibiotic stresses as well as in bacterial-programmed cell death. Valuable information on the MazF toxin was derived from the determination of the crystal structure of the MazE/MazF complex and from in vivo data, suggesting that MazF promoted ribosome-dependent cleavage of messenger RNA. However, it was concluded from recent in vitro analyses using a MazF-(His6) fusion protein that MazF was an endoribonuclease that cleaved messenger RNA specifically at 5 0 -ACA-3 0 sites situated in singlestranded regions. In contrast, our work reported here shows that native MazF protein cleaves RNA at the 5 0 side of residue A in 5 0 -NAC-3 0 sequences (where N is preferentially U or A). MazFdependent cleavage occurred at target sequences situated either in single-or double-stranded RNA regions. These activities were neutralized by a His6-MazE antitoxin. Although essentially consistent with previous in vivo reports on the substrate specificity of MazF, our results strongly suggest that the endoribonuclease activity of MazF may be modulated by additional factors to cleave messenger and other cellular RNAs.

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Section: Rna Cleavage Assayssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Rna Cleavage Assaysmentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into the specificity of RNA cleavage by the Escherichia coli MazF toxin

et al. 2004

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Mouse‐protective Effect of Rabbit Anti‐r‐protein Antibodies Against Group B Streptococci Type Ii Carrying R‐protein

Lindén

1983

Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Series B: Microbio

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Linden, V. Mouse-protective effect of rabbit anti-R-protein antibodies against group B streptococci type I1 carrying R-protein. Lack of effect on type 111 carrying R-protein. Acta path. microbiol. immunol.scand. Sect. B, 9 / : 145-151, 1983. R-proteins was isolated by affinity chromatography from an alkaline extract of group B streptococci, type 111. The identity of the protein was demonstrated by pepsin-and trypsin-treatment and in double diffusion-in-gel with antisera from other laboratories. A monospecific rabbit antiserum against the Rprotein was studied in mouse-protection tests. using three type II strains with R-protein and three without, and six type 111 strains, of which four carried R-protein. The serum protected animals from infection by type I1 strains carrying R-protein, but not against any of the other strains. The capacity of anti-R-protein serum to opsonize type I1 strains carrying R-protein was also demonstrated in phagocytosis experiments with mouse peritoneal macrophages. Studies with radio-labelled protein A and anti-R-protein antibodies showed that R-protein was localized on the surface of both type 11 and type 111 group B streptococci. Taken together, the results suggest that type 11 group B streptococci should be divided into two subtypes, 11. R + and 11. R-.

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Text and data mining exceptions in the development of generative AI models: What the EU member states could learn from the Japanese “nonenjoyment” purposes?

Dermawan

2023

World Intellectual Property

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The European Union (EU) text and data mining (TDM) provisions are a progressive move, but the horizon is still uncertain for both generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) models researchers and developers. This article suggests that to drive innovation and further the commitment to the digital single market, during the national implementation, EU Member States could consider taking the Japanese broad, all‐encompassing and “nonenjoyment‐based” TDM as an example. The Japanese “nonenjoyment” purposes, however, are not foreign to the European continental view of copyright. A similar concept can be found under the German concept of “Freier Werkgenuss” or enjoyment of the work. A flexible TDM exception built upon the German notion of nonenjoyment purposes could become an opening clause to foster innovation and creativity in the age of GenAI. Moreover, the article argues that an opening clause allowing TDM with “nonenjoyment” purposes could be permissible under the so‐called three‐step test. This article further suggests, if there is no political will to safeguard “the right to read should be the right to mine” and to provide a welcoming environment for GenAI researchers and developers, when shaping the legal interpretation through national case law, the EU Member States could consider the following: (1) advocate for 72 h of response if technological protection measures (TPMs) are preventing TDM, and (2) Robot Exclusion Standard (robot.txt) as a warning when TDM is not allowed on a website. It is now in the hands of the EU Member States, whether to protect the interests of rightholders or to create a balance between safeguarding “the right to read should be the right to mine,” protecting rightholders exclusivity, and creating a supportive environment for the GenAI models researcher and developers.

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Unhooked

Abstract: Verner Møller, Jørgen Povlsen og Kurt Lüders (red.): Hooked. Om vanvid og æstetik i sport og kropskultur

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Insights into the specificity of RNA cleavage by the Escherichia coli MazF toxin

Insights into the specificity of RNA cleavage by the Escherichia coli MazF toxin

Mouse‐protective Effect of Rabbit Anti‐r‐protein Antibodies Against Group B Streptococci Type Ii Carrying R‐protein

Text and data mining exceptions in the development of generative AI models: What the EU member states could learn from the Japanese “nonenjoyment” purposes?

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