Journal of Biomechanics

2014

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.01.017

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Uniaxial tensile testing approaches for characterisation of atherosclerotic plaques

Michael T. Walsh

¹

,

Eoghan M. Cunnane

²

,

John J. Mulvihill

³

et al.

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Mechanical Properties and Behaviors Of Atherosclerotic Plaqu2

Test Protocol1

Shear Stress and Vulnerable Plaques1

Mechanical Testing Of Plaques: Preparing For Experiments1

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Cited by 118 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In some previous studies, samples were placed in a saline bath at 37 • C to improve the physiological relevance of the test conditions. However, since distortion by refraction could then reduce the accuracy of the marker position recording, this was not done here [30]. Preconditioning was performed by applying 10 displacement loading cycles of 15 mm at 0.1 Hz with a final, 11th, loading cycle constituting the recorded experiment.…”

Section: Test Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating a model of diseased artery damage and failure from healthy porcine aorta

¹

,

²

,

³

et al. 2016

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Article available under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.Creating a model of diseased artery damage and failure from healthy porcine aorta AbstractLarge quantities of diseased tissue are required in the research and development of new generations of medical devices, for example for use in physical testing. However, these are difficult to obtain. In contrast, porcine arteries are readily available as they are regarded as waste. Therefore, reliable means of creating from porcine tissue physical models of diseased human tissue that emulate well the associated mechanical changes would be valuable. To this end, we studied the effect on mechanical response of treating porcine thoracic aorta with collagenase, elastase and glutaraldehyde. The alterations in mechanical and failure properties were assessed via uniaxial tension testing. A constitutive model composed of the Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel model, for elastic response, and a continuum damage model, for the failure, was also employed to provide a further basis for comparison [1,2]. For the concentrations used here it was found that: collagenase treated samples showed decreased fracture stress in the axial direction only; elastase treated samples showed increased fracture stress in the circumferential direction only; and glutaraldehyde samples showed no change in either direction. With respect to the proposed constitutive model, both collagenase and elastase had a strong effect on the fibre-related terms. The model more closely captured the tissue response in the circumferential direction, due to the smoother and sharper transition from damage initiation to complete failure in this direction. Finally, comparison of the results with those of tensile tests on diseased tissues suggests these treatments indeed provide a basis for creation of physical models of diseased arteries.

“…In some previous studies, samples were placed in a saline bath at 37 • C to improve the physiological relevance of the test conditions. However, since distortion by refraction could then reduce the accuracy of the marker position recording, this was not done here [30]. Preconditioning was performed by applying 10 displacement loading cycles of 15 mm at 0.1 Hz with a final, 11th, loading cycle constituting the recorded experiment.…”

Section: Test Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating a model of diseased artery damage and failure from healthy porcine aorta

¹

,

²

,

³

et al. 2016

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Article available under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.Creating a model of diseased artery damage and failure from healthy porcine aorta AbstractLarge quantities of diseased tissue are required in the research and development of new generations of medical devices, for example for use in physical testing. However, these are difficult to obtain. In contrast, porcine arteries are readily available as they are regarded as waste. Therefore, reliable means of creating from porcine tissue physical models of diseased human tissue that emulate well the associated mechanical changes would be valuable. To this end, we studied the effect on mechanical response of treating porcine thoracic aorta with collagenase, elastase and glutaraldehyde. The alterations in mechanical and failure properties were assessed via uniaxial tension testing. A constitutive model composed of the Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel model, for elastic response, and a continuum damage model, for the failure, was also employed to provide a further basis for comparison [1,2]. For the concentrations used here it was found that: collagenase treated samples showed decreased fracture stress in the axial direction only; elastase treated samples showed increased fracture stress in the circumferential direction only; and glutaraldehyde samples showed no change in either direction. With respect to the proposed constitutive model, both collagenase and elastase had a strong effect on the fibre-related terms. The model more closely captured the tissue response in the circumferential direction, due to the smoother and sharper transition from damage initiation to complete failure in this direction. Finally, comparison of the results with those of tensile tests on diseased tissues suggests these treatments indeed provide a basis for creation of physical models of diseased arteries.

“…21 Computational models are the sole methods that are currently able to integrate both the external (hemodynamic) and internal (characteristics of plaque) markers for instability in order to achieve a global understanding of the conditions that lead to plaque erosion and rupture with the subsequent occurrence of an acute coronary syndrome. 21,67,68 One of the most important drawbacks of computational simulation models is the increased time needed for image reconstruction, but with recent developments, the time has been reduced from weeks 69 to less than two hours, 70 which will make it possible for computational plaque analysis to be performed as a part of a living vessel.…”

Section: Shear Stress and Vulnerable Plaquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review. Automatic Segmentation Techniques of the Coronary Artery Using CT Images in Acute Coronary Syndromes

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²

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³

2017

Journal of Cardiovascular Emergencies

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show that in 2012, 31% of all deaths were caused by cardiovascular disease, from which 7.4 million were due to coronary heart disease. 2 Acute coronary syndromes (ACS)are among the most severe complications of atherosclerosis, and the majority, although not all, take place due to atheromatous plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis.3 Vulnerable atheromatous plaquesThe genesis of the atheroma is triggered by the appearance of a discontinuity in the endothelial layer, followed by an array of complex mechanical, biochemical, and biological mechanisms that will eventually lead to plaque formation. [4][5][6] The formed atherosclerotic plaque will undergo several pathophysiological changes, including the excessive accumulation of oxidized LDL-cholesterol, enhanced local inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix degradation, which will eventually lead to its progression and destabilization. This paper presents the main characteristics of plaque vulnerability, the role of CCTA in the assessment of vulnerable plaques, and automatic segmentation techniques of the coronary artery tree based on CT angiography images. A detailed inventory of existing methods is given, representing the state-of-the-art of computational methods applied in vascular system segmentation, focusing on the current applications in acute coronary syndromes.

“…Akyildiz et al (2014) summarize 14 reports on the properties of the human atherosclerotic intima. Those papers were further analyzed in two separate review papers: Walsh et al (2014) and Chai et al (2014). Walsh et al (2014) summarize nine studies on the uniaxial tensile data of atherosclerotic plaques.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties and Behaviors Of Atherosclerotic Plaqumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those papers were further analyzed in two separate review papers: Walsh et al (2014) and Chai et al (2014). Walsh et al (2014) summarize nine studies on the uniaxial tensile data of atherosclerotic plaques. The papers were published between 1987 (Sherebrin et al 1987(Mulvihill et al 2013.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties and Behaviors Of Atherosclerotic Plaqumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intent of this information is to illustrate the potential challenges that may arise during a plaque study. Walsh et al (2014), in their excellent review, present a table of parameters that they suggest for consideration when performing mechanical tests of atherosclerotic plaques. They discuss specimen acquisition and storage, preparation (whether to test whole plaques or divide the plaques into separate components), loading and boundary conditions, preloading and preconditioning, strain (loading) rate, grips (clamping), test temperature, and stress and stretch/strain analysis.…”

Section: Mechanical Testing Of Plaques: Preparing For Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biomechanical Behavior of Atherosclerotic Plaque

¹

,

²

2014

PanVascular Medicine

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Atherosclerosis is a disease in which deposits, called atherosclerotic plaques, build up in the arterial wall. Their presence can become critical when the plaques restrict blood flow and cause a stroke or a heart attack. Standard interventions to treat plaques and restore blood flow through an artery require the application of mechanical force to keep the plaque from obstructing the lumen. Because the cardiovascular system, and specifically blood vessels, has an essential mechanical function in maintaining health, understanding changes in mechanical behaviors in blood vessels caused by disease is critical. Therefore, studying blood vessel and plaque mechanical behaviors, and treating the tissues as materials, may provide essential information on predicting, treating, or preventing cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we discuss the current state of understanding of the mechanical behavior of atherosclerotic plaques. The mechanical behavior of a plaque will depend on its constituent materials and its geometry. We begin by discussing the nature of material properties, followed by a review of general arterial mechanics. Then we describe and discuss the studies that have investigated the mechanical responses of atherosclerotic plaques under different loading conditions. In summary, it is clear that our comprehension of the mechanical behavior of atherosclerotic plaque has made enormous advances in recent years. Unfortunately, there are still large gaps in our understanding of many aspects of cardiovascular disease: we still require better knowledge of plaque material properties and behaviors.

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