Unified Theory for Aircraft Handling Qualities and Adverse Aircraft-Pilot Coupling

Hess, Ronald A.

doi:10.2514/2.4169

Cited by 135 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…There are two components of Equation (20). The numerator of the first term is a zero determined by the preview distance x p and forward speed u.…”

Section: Vehicle Model With Rear Axle Steeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MacAdam [17] notes that the cross-over model is 'specifically related to the task of straight-line automobile regulation'. The open-loop cross-over frequency is a fundamental property of human control and can be assumed to be approximately in the range of 2 rad/s [20] to 4 rad/s, [17] while an earlier source suggests this frequency is 'commensurate with task demands'. [21] Control theory provides techniques to evaluate the performance of closed-loop systems, where output from a system is fed back and compared with a desired input, and the system of interest is driven by this error, with the result that the error is reduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fundamental contributions in this area come from Hess [20][21][22][23] and Systems Technology, Inc. [24,25] Driver dynamics and vehicle dynamics combine to form a closed loop. In its simplest embodiment, the driver senses a lane position -perhaps previewed as just discussed -and determines the appropriate handwheel input, thus closing a loop on a lane position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lane-keeping benefits of practical rear axle steer

Williams

2013

Vehicle System Dynamics

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The classic two-degree-of-freedom yaw-plane or 'bicycle' vehicle model is augmented with two additional states to describe lane-keeping behaviour and further augmented with an additional control input to steer the rear axle. A simple driver model is hypothesised where the driver closes a loop on a projected lateral lane position. The driver can select the preview distance to compensate driver/vehicle dynamics, consistent with the 'cross-over' model found in the literature. A rear axle steer control law is found to be a function of the front axle steering input and vehicle speed that exhibits stability similar to a positive-real system, while at the same time improving the ability of the driver/vehicle system to track a complex curved lane and improving steady-state manoeuvrability. The theoretically derived control law bears similarity to practical embodiments allowing a deeper understanding of the functional value of steering a rear axle.

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“…There are two components of Equation (20). The numerator of the first term is a zero determined by the preview distance x p and forward speed u.…”

Section: Vehicle Model With Rear Axle Steeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lane-keeping benefits of practical rear axle steer

Williams

2013

Vehicle System Dynamics

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“…Other, pilot-model-based Cooper-Harper handling qualities prediction schemes have been proposed and evaluated in the literature, for example, Hess (1997).…”

Section: Flight Mechanicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fixed‐Wing Control and Handling Qualities

Hess

2010

Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering

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An introduction into the control and handling qualities of fixed‐wing aircraft is presented. Military handling qualities specifications are discussed followed by examples of specification requirements for aircraft longitudinal and lateral/directional modes of motion. Lower‐order equivalent systems are introduced as a means for accommodating the higher‐order, nonclassical dynamics that accompany the introduction of stability and command augmentation systems. Other frequency domain handling qualities criteria such as bandwidth/phase delay are introduced. Techniques that have their basis in control theoretic models of the human pilot complete the chapter.

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“…It did not, however, accurately predict the magnitude or frequency characteristics of the changes in pilot behaviour. Later, Hess [15] simplified the pilot model somewhat and extended the method to predict subject handling quality ratings based on internal signals circulating through the pilot/vehicle closed loop. Zeyada and Hess [16] used data from Schroeder's helicopter bobup/down simulator study [14] to demonstrate the validity of the methodology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing classes of motion drive algorithms based on paired comparison techniques

Grant

Blommer

Artz

et al. 2009

Vehicle System Dynamics

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A paired comparison experiment using 23 subjects was run on the VIRTTEX driving simulator to compare a lane position based motion drive algorithm (MDA) with a classical MDA for a highway speed, lane change manoeuvre. Two different tuning states of the lane position algorithm and four different tuning states for the classical algorithm were tested. The subjective fidelity of the six different motion cases was compared with each other and a Bradley-Terry model was fit to find the fidelity merit of each case. In addition, the driving performance of the subjects for six motion cases was recorded and compared. The motion-tuning cases were selected such that the trade-off in motion quality between overall motion scaling and motion shape distortion (shape-error), as well as the trade-off between lateral specific force and roll-rate motion errors, could be studied. It was found that when the overall scaling is the same, drivers perform better with the lane position algorithm than with the the classical algorithm. A well-tuned, manoeuvre-specific, classical MDA, however, did achieve a subjective fidelity level on a par with the lane position MDA. A generically tuned classical MDA, however, has a significantly reduced fidelity and driving performance when compared with a lane position algorithm with the same scale factor. A strong trade-off between motion shape-errors and overall motion scaling was found. A small increase in motion cue shape-error, combined with an increase in the scale factor from 0.3 to 0.5, led to improved performance and increased subjective fidelity. The results of the experiment also suggest that simulator motion can be improved by reducing the angular-rate shape-error at the expense of the specific force shape-error (while keeping the total normalised shape-error constant).

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Unified Theory for Aircraft Handling Qualities and Adverse Aircraft-Pilot Coupling

Cited by 135 publications

References 6 publications

Lane-keeping benefits of practical rear axle steer

Lane-keeping benefits of practical rear axle steer

Fixed‐Wing Control and Handling Qualities

Analysing classes of motion drive algorithms based on paired comparison techniques

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