United airway disease: current perspectives

Giavina‐Bianchi, Pedro; Aun, Marcelo Vívolo; Takejima, Priscila; Kalil, Jorge; Agondi, Rosana Câmara

doi:10.2147/jaa.s81541

Cited by 183 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Horizontal lines (with asterisks) indicate statistically significant differences between groups, p ≤ .05 (n ¼ 6 mice/group). Bianchi et al 2016). Likewise, we found with the present and past studies, that our murine model of nonatopic asthma and rhinitis has similar pulmonary and nasal pathology that are associated with type 2 immunity and dependent on ILCs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Strain Differences in a Murine Model of Air Pollutant–induced Nonatopic Asthma and Rhinitis

et al. 2016

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Ozone is an irritating gas found in photochemical smog. Epidemiological associations have been made between the onset of asthma and childhood exposures to increasing levels of ambient ozone (i.e., air pollutant-induced nonatopic asthma). Individuals, however, vary in their susceptibility to this outdoor air pollutant, which may be due, in part, to their genetic makeup. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that there are murine strain-dependent differences in pulmonary and nasal pathologic responses to repeated ozone exposures. C57BL/6NTac and BALB/cNTac mice were exposed to 0 or 0.8 ppm ozone, 4 hr/day, for 9 consecutive weekdays. In both strains of mice, ozone induced eosinophilic inflammation and mucous cell metaplasia in the nasal and pulmonary airways. Lungs of ozone-exposed C57BL/6NTac mice, however, had greater eosinophilic inflammation, mucous cell metaplasia, and expression of genes related to type 2 immunity and airway mucus hypersecretion, as compared to similarly exposed BALB/cNTac mice. Ozone-exposed C57BL/6NTac mice also had greater eosinophilic rhinitis but a similar degree of mucous cell metaplasia in nasal epithelium, as ozone-exposed BALB/cNTac mice. These findings suggest that nonatopic individuals may differ in their inflammatory and epithelial responses to repeated ozone exposures that are due, in part, to genetic factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Strain Differences in a Murine Model of Air Pollutant–induced Nonatopic Asthma and Rhinitis

et al. 2016

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“…The entire length of the system, roughly divided into the upper respiratory tract (URT) and the lower respiratory tract (LRT), contains a physical barrier made up of liquid and cell layers (Figure 1). The "one/united airway concept" was proposed to underscore the importance of considering changes that occur in the upper and lower airways concomitantly when investigating diseases that affect the respiratory tract like rhinitis and asthma (1). Approximately 2 23 branches lined with epithelial cells make up the airways (2) within the soft lung tissue that handles ∼10,000 L of inhaled air each day, placing this epithelial surface in contact with various noxious and innocuous material including environmentally disseminated viruses and bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Barrier as a Safeguard and Regulator of Defense Against Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

et al. 2020

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The primary function of the respiratory system of gas exchange renders it vulnerable to environmental pathogens that circulate in the air. Physical and cellular barriers of the respiratory tract mucosal surface utilize a variety of strategies to obstruct microbe entry. Physical barrier defenses including the surface fluid replete with antimicrobials, neutralizing immunoglobulins, mucus, and the epithelial cell layer with rapidly beating cilia form a near impenetrable wall that separates the external environment from the internal soft tissue of the host. Resident leukocytes, primarily of the innate immune branch, also maintain airway integrity by constant surveillance and the maintenance of homeostasis through the release of cytokines and growth factors. Unfortunately, pathogens such as influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae require hosts for their replication and dissemination, and prey on the respiratory tract as an ideal environment causing severe damage to the host during their invasion. In this review, we outline the host-pathogen interactions during influenza and post-influenza bacterial pneumonia with a focus on interand intra-cellular crosstalk important in pulmonary immune responses.

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“…Cats could have had two unrelated diseases leading to rhinitis and lower airway disease. Another possibility is the “united airways theory” which in humans and an experimental model of feline allergic asthma suggests an immunologic link to explain the comorbid conditions of rhinitis and allergic asthma . A third possibility is postnasal drip leading to chronic aspiration and chronic bronchitis with potential bronchial plugging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The computed tomographic “tree‐in‐bud” pattern: Characterization and comparison with radiographic and clinical findings in 36 cats

Hahn

Specchi²,

Masseau

et al. 2017

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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In humans, a CT "tree-in-bud" pattern has been described as a characteristic of centrilobular bronchiolar dilation, with bronchiolar plugging by mucus, pus, or fluid. Aims of this retrospective, descriptive, multi-center study were to characterize the CT appearance of a "tree-in-bud" pattern in a group of cats, and compare this pattern with radiographic and clinical findings. Databases from four hospitals were searched during the period of January 2012 to September 2015 and cats with thoracic radiographs, thoracic CT scans and CT reports describing findings consistent with a "tree-in-bud" pattern were included. Images were reviewed by two veterinary radiologists and characteristics were recorded based on consensus. Clinical findings were recorded by one observer from each center. Thirty-six cats met inclusion criteria. Six cats were asymptomatic, 12 were diagnosed with bronchial disease and 23 were suspected to have bronchial disease. Right cranial and right caudal lung lobes were most commonly affected on both imaging modalities. Localization of the "tree-in-bud" pattern was most often peripheral. On radiographs, the CT "tree-in-bud" pattern often appeared as soft-tissue opacity nodules; their number and affected pulmonary segments were often underestimated compared with CT. In conclusion, the "tree-in-bud" pattern should be considered as a differential diagnosis for radiographic soft tissue opaque nodules in feline lungs. Based on lesion localization and presence or suspicion of a concomitant bronchial disease for cats in this sample, authors propose that the CT "tree-in-bud" pattern described in humans is also a characteristic of bronchial or bronchiolar plugging and bronchial disease in cats.

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United airway disease: current perspectives

Cited by 183 publications

References 66 publications

Strain Differences in a Murine Model of Air Pollutant–induced Nonatopic Asthma and Rhinitis

Strain Differences in a Murine Model of Air Pollutant–induced Nonatopic Asthma and Rhinitis

Respiratory Barrier as a Safeguard and Regulator of Defense Against Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae

The computed tomographic “tree‐in‐bud” pattern: Characterization and comparison with radiographic and clinical findings in 36 cats

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