Units of Account in Gold and Silver in Seventh-Century England: <i>Scillingas, Sceattas</i> and <i>Pæningas</i>

Hines, John

doi:10.1017/s0003581510000570

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The use of cattle as currency to pay tributes and fines is described in the Laws of Ine (c. AD 694), where the standard food-rent for 10 hides includes, amongst other things, two full-grown cows [ 60 ] (document 32.2.2.70). Other documents indicate the importance of cattle to the economy by detailing laws relating to the theft, hire of, damage to and by cattle, and their use [ 24 ] (p. 211), [ 60 ], [ 64 ] (p. 515), [ 65 , 66 ]. It is therefore no coincidence that cattle are the most commonly recorded livestock in zooarchaeological assemblages of this period [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Close Companions? A Zooarchaeological Study of the Human–Cattle Relationship in Medieval England

Holmes

Hamerow

Thomas

2021

Animals

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Across medieval Europe, cattle commanded a major, if shifting, economic and social value, and their use for meat, milk, and traction is well established. Although the changing roles of cattle throughout this period may have influenced relationships between humans and cattle, this has been largely neglected in historical and zooarchaeological studies. Data from nearly 700 archaeological assemblages of animal remains have been used to provide an overview of the herd structures (age and sex) of cattle populations for England between AD 450 and 1400. These have been analysed alongside pathological and sub-pathological changes in over 2800 lower limb bones of cattle from seventeen archaeological sites to provide a better understanding of the use of cattle for ploughing, hauling, and carting. The findings were considered alongside historical documents and ethnographic evidence to chart changing human–cattle relationships. Results indicate that human–cattle relations varied with changing economic, agricultural, and social practices. From the mid-fifth century, cattle were a form of portable wealth, however, by the mid-ninth century, they were perceived as a commodity with monetary value. From this period, close human–cattle bonds are likely to have been widespread between plough hands and working animals. Such bonds are may have diminished with the increasing number of young beef cattle kept to supply the urban population from the mid-eleventh century.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Close Companions? A Zooarchaeological Study of the Human–Cattle Relationship in Medieval England

Holmes

Hamerow

Thomas

2021

Animals

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“…The problem which has long bothered historians is that while the coins themselves crossed political boundaries the laws gave them different values: in Kent five pennies went to a shilling, in Wessex four. Hines proposes an ingenious solution: the gold standard. There was an attempt to express values in terms of the relationship of silver coins to a recognized gold standard and fixed relative values between silver and gold.…”

Section: University Of Oxfordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of periodical literature published in 2010

Faith

Davis

Healey

et al. 2011

The Economic History Review

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“…Regrettably, there is one substantial factual error in the text of this article (Hines 2010): the figure quoted (page 156) as the sum paid in compensation for the death of the West Saxon prince Mul by Wihtred of Kent in the 690s was mistranscribed from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as ccc mil. (300,000) when it should have been xxx mil.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Units of Account in Gold and Silver in Seventh-Century England: Scillingas, Sceattas and Pæningas

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Close Companions? A Zooarchaeological Study of the Human–Cattle Relationship in Medieval England

Close Companions? A Zooarchaeological Study of the Human–Cattle Relationship in Medieval England

Review of periodical literature published in 2010

Units of Account in Gold and Silver in Seventh-Century England: Scillingas, Sceattas and Pæningas

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