Universal and culturally specific aspects of managerial influence: A study of Japanese managers

Captain's leadership type and police officers' compliance to power bases

“…Rao, Hashimoto, and Rao (1997), in their investigation of managerial influencing tactics, showed both Downloaded by [New York University] at 16:46 14 May 2015 universal and unique aspects in managerial behaviour for Japanese and American samples. As the participants of our study were Israeli police captains and officers, the relationships obtained here may be considered as unique to the specific context and culture used (Rousseau & Fried, 2000).…”

Systematic variation in organizationally-shared cognitive prototypes of effective leadership based on organizational form

“…For example, numerous leadership scholars have suggested that transformational leadership is universally effective across situations and societies (Conger & Kanungo, 1998;den Hartog et al, 1999;House, Hanges, & Ruiz-Quintanilla, 1997;Rao, Hashimoto, & Rao, 1997). Bass (1997) has further suggested that people universally view transformational leadership styles as effective.…”

Perceived effectiveness of influence tactics in the united states and china

“…Only a few studies have attempted to compare different countries with regard to how often different influence tactics are used by managers in large organizations. Researchers have compared the United States to other Asian countries/regions such as Japan (Hirokawa & Miyahara, 1986;Rao, Hashimoto, & Rao, 1997), Taiwan (Schmidt & Yeh, 1992), and Hong Kong (Schermerhorn & Bond, 1991). These studies provide evidence that influence behavior is affected by national culture, but they did not directly compare American managers in the United States to Chinese managers in mainland China.…”