Universal Biquadratic filter with minimum number of Active FTFN

Voltage Differencing Current Conveyor Based Voltage-Mode and Current-Mode Universal Biquad Filters with Electronic Tuning Facility

“…Eq. (8) shows that though the bandwidth of the circuits remains unaltered due to the non-ideality errors of the VDCC, the pole frequency and quality factor are slightly changed. However, the pole frequency and quality factor are still electronically tunable.…”

“…The performance parameters of the designed filters are summarized and compared with other previously published related works [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] in Table 4. It depicts that the designed filters consume least power among all the other circuits.…”

“…Despite that, a comparatively large number of passive components is used in [18,25,27]. Moreover, the circuits in [6][7][8][9][10][11]18] need a comparatively large power supply. In addition, not all of the basic filter responses can be provided in references [25,27] and in parts of references [7,20].…”

“…In addition, not all of the basic filter responses can be provided in references [25,27] and in parts of references [7,20]. Furthermore, the quality factor in [1,8,25,[27][28] is not independently tunable with the pole frequency. Also, double/inverted input signals are required in [6,8,9,17,20,21,28].…”

“…Several universal filters using various current-mode active devices, such as differential voltage current conveyor (DVCC) [1], voltage differencing buffered amplifier (VDBA) [3], extra X current conveyor transconductance amplifier (EXCCTA) [4], current differencing buffered amplifier (CDBA) [5], multiple-output current controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifier (MO-CCCCTA) [6], differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA) [7], four-terminal floating nullor (FTFN) [8], dual X current conveyor differential input transconductance amplifier (DXCCDITA) [9], differential voltage current controlled conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCCTA) [10], current controlled differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCDDCCTA) [11], operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) [12][13], second generation current conveyor (CCII) [13], fully differential second generation current * Corresponding author. E-mail address: rrpal@mail.vidyasagar.ac.in conveyor (FDCCII) [14], voltage differencing transconductance amplifiers (VDTA) [15], differential difference current conveyor (DDCC) [16], extra X current controlled conveyor (EXCCCII) [17], voltage differencing extra X current conveyor (VD-EXCCII) [18], etc.…”