Universal Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor Arrays for the Multiple Electrolyte and Metabolite Monitoring in Raw Sweat, Saliva, or Urine

Abstract

Fully integrated wearable sensors are capable of dynamically, directly, and independently tracking biomarkers in raw noninvasive biofluids without any other equipment or accessories by integrating the unique on-body monitoring feature with the special complete functional implementation attribute. Sweat, saliva, and urine are three important noninvasive biofluids, and changes in their biomarkers hold great potential for revealing physiological conditions. However, it is still a challenge to design single fully integrated wearable sensor arrays (FIWSAs) that are universally able to concurrently measure electrolytes and metabolites in three of the most common noninvasive biofluids including sweat, saliva, and urine. Here, we propose the first single universal FIWSAs for wirelessly, noninvasively, and simultaneously measuring various metabolites (i.e., uric acid) and electrolytes (i.e., Na + and H + ) in raw sweat, saliva, or urine under subjects' exercise by integrating the specifically designed microfluidic, sensing, and electronic modules in a seamless manner. We evaluate its utility for noninvasive gout management in healthy subjects and in gout patients through a purine-rich meal challenge and with a medicine-treatment control, respectively. Noninvasive monitoring of multiple electrolytes and metabolites in a variety of raw noninvasive biofluids via such single universal FIWSAs may enrich the understanding of the biomarkers' levels in the body and would also facilitate self-health management.

Research Progress on Biomimetic Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Glucose Sensors

“…Urine is the waste product of human metabolism, consisting of several analytes, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. It gives a basis for monitoring an overall physical health condition [ 147 ]. Normally, the urine measurement is positive when the glucose concentration is over 2.8 mM [ 148 ].…”

Enhancing On-Skin Analysis: A Microfluidic Device and Smartphone Imaging Module for Real-Time Quantitative Detection of Multianalytes in Sweat

“…This dynamic relationship makes them potential indicators for kidney health assessment. Wearable sweat sensors offer the remarkable capability to capture crucial physiological parameters in a noninvasive, on-site manner. − These sensors are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional methods, such as those relying on blood, urine, interstitial fluid, and saliva, for comprehensive physiological monitoring. , In the pursuit of in situ biomarker detection, sweat sampling has posed a challenge. However, innovative sampling approaches such as patches, electronic devices, and skin-interfaced soft microfluidic systems have emerged to address this concern. ,, Recent strides in microfluidic technology have ushered in a new era of noninvasive and economically viable diagnostic tools for monitoring sweat biomarkers. − An exemplar of this progress is the utilization of skin-interfaced soft microfluidic systems to discern biomarkers within sweat, offering invaluable insights into metabolic health. ,, An indispensable factor in the advancement of wearable sensors based on skin-interfaced soft microfluidics is the analytical signaling method.…”

Fe Single-Atom Nanozyme-Modified Wearable Hydrogel Patch for Precise Analysis of Uric Acid at Rest

“…Nyein et al developed wearable patches to detect resting sweat pH, Cl – , and l -dopamine for continuous and autonomous monitoring of body physiology at rest; Zhao et al analyzed stress biomarkers (cortisol, Mg 2+ , and pH) in resting sweat by integrating a wearable sweat sensing patch for diagnostic studies of psychological stress; Saha et al developed a lactate transient sensor under low sweat secretion to continuously monitor sweat lactate changes. Similarly, the increase of the sweat uric acid (UA) level is related to the occurrence and progression of metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and other diseases. , However, most of the current wearable sensors for UA detection are tested in exercise sweat, − and there is a lack of sensors that can detect UA in resting sweat.…”