Green and sustainable electrochemical conversion and storage devices possess the nature to repress a negative effect on sustainability during energy conversion and storage. However, the sustainability of devices’ components themselves (e.g., raw material abundance, eco-friendliness, and recycling) is often ignored, which may damage the environment and limit devices’ practical applicability. Herein, guided by the concept of sustainability, a sustainable strategy is reported to synthesize the very cheap single zinc atoms dispersed on nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon (SA-Zn-NHPC) with minimized environmental expense by employing abundant natural apples, natural egg whites, and relatively non-toxic ZnCl2 as raw materials. Theory calculations and experiments prove that Zn-N4 within SA-Zn-NHPC is responsible for superior CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) activity with high CO Faradaic efficiency (96%) at low overpotential (0.33 V) and outstanding O2 reduction reaction (ORR) activity with high half-wave potential (0.87 V) and high onset potential (1.00 V), which are among the best performance of single-atom catalysts. Additionally, remarkable activity and high stability of SA-Zn-NHPC for CO2RR and ORR as well as ultralow feedstock cost would render the recycling procedure for end-of-life catalysts (e.g., Pt within fuel cells) unrequired. The sustainability perspective-oriented strategy will bring major advances in both economical energy cost and environment protection.

Fully integrated wearable sensors are capable of dynamically, directly, and independently tracking biomarkers in raw noninvasive biofluids without any other equipment or accessories by integrating the unique on-body monitoring feature with the special complete functional implementation attribute. Sweat, saliva, and urine are three important noninvasive biofluids, and changes in their biomarkers hold great potential for revealing physiological conditions. However, it is still a challenge to design single fully integrated wearable sensor arrays (FIWSAs) that are universally able to concurrently measure electrolytes and metabolites in three of the most common noninvasive biofluids including sweat, saliva, and urine. Here, we propose the first single universal FIWSAs for wirelessly, noninvasively, and simultaneously measuring various metabolites (i.e., uric acid) and electrolytes (i.e., Na + and H + ) in raw sweat, saliva, or urine under subjects' exercise by integrating the specifically designed microfluidic, sensing, and electronic modules in a seamless manner. We evaluate its utility for noninvasive gout management in healthy subjects and in gout patients through a purine-rich meal challenge and with a medicine-treatment control, respectively. Noninvasive monitoring of multiple electrolytes and metabolites in a variety of raw noninvasive biofluids via such single universal FIWSAs may enrich the understanding of the biomarkers' levels in the body and would also facilitate self-health management.

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