“…For example, students who struggled when they were learning basic arithmetic will continue to face challenges when learning more complex mathematics (Empson et al, 2011). Research shows that some adults do not master arithmetic (LeFevre et al, 2017;Thompson et al, 2015) or rational number skills (Powell & Nelson, 2021), despite the importance of an understanding of the conceptual continuity from whole number arithmetic to rational numbers (Siegler, 2016;Siegler & Braithwaite, 2017). The fundamental properties of arithmetic operations and fractions form the foundations of algebra (Empson et al, 2011;Hackenberg, 2013;Mack, 1993;Nunes et al, 2016;Steffe & Olive, 2010;Thompson & Saldanha, 2003) because algebra is a more abstract, generalized version of arithmetic.…”