Unravelling external perturbation effects on the optical phonon response of graphene

Abstract

a Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and nondestructive probe that demonstrates its efficiency in revealing the physical properties of low-dimensional sp 2 carbon systems. It gives access to the number of layers, the quality and the nature of defects of all carbon allotropes, but also to the understanding of the influence of perturbations such as strain and/or doping. In this paper, we review the state of the art regarding the effect of external perturbations on the optical phonons of graphene. We describe how doping can tune the unusual electron-phonon coupling in graphene and thus modify not only the resonance conditions but also the phonon intensities thanks to quantum interferences. We also review the impact of strain on optical phonons and how one can disentangle strain and doping thanks to optical phonons. Last, implementations of this field to strain engineering or to graphene-based mechanical resonators will be presented.

Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials and its applications in related devices

“…Indeed, the phonon spectra of graphene are significantly affected by external perturbations, and their responses to external perturbations can be precisely probed by Raman spectroscopy. 56,98,275 In the following sections, we will discuss how external perturbations, such as doping induced by an electric field [58][59][60][62][63][64][65] and charge transfer, 61 strain, [81][82][83][84][85][86][87] and temperature, [99][100][101][102][103]276 modify the Raman spectra of graphene and MLG and how to use Raman spectroscopy to probe those external perturbations.…”

Graphene and related 2D materials: An overview of the Raman studies

“…In the review article: ‘ Unravelling external perturbations effects on the optical phonons response of graphene ’, Nedjma Bendiab et al . report the state‐of‐the‐art regarding the effect of external perturbations on the optical phonons of graphene, with a peculiar focus on the understanding of the doping and/or strain effects on the Raman response of graphene . They describe how doping can tune the unusual electron–phonon coupling in graphene and thus modify the phonons intensities thanks to quantum interferences.…”

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part XIII

“…Bendiab and co‐workers described unravelling external perturbation effects on the optical phonon response of graphene. In this paper, they review the state of the art regarding the effect of external perturbations on the optical phonons of graphene and describe how doping can tune the unusual electron–phonon coupling in graphene and thus modify not only the resonance conditions but also the phonon intensities due to quantum interferences . Bera et al described enhanced Raman and photoluminescence response in monolayer MoS 2 due to laser healing of defects.…”

“…Jorio presented a dedication to the life‐long contributions of Mildred S. Dresselhaus (1930–2017) in the same special issue of JRS highlighting her contributions to our understanding of graphite, graphite intercalated compounds, graphite ion‐implantation, graphite fibers, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and two‐dimensional systems, starting from graphene . Other reviews in the special issue on graphene and related 2D materials, previously described above, were the following: Beams on Tip‐enhanced Raman scattering of graphene ; Faugeras and co‐workers on Raman scattering of graphene‐based systems in high magnetic fields ; Bendiab et al on Unravelling external perturbation effects on the optical phonon response of graphene ; Lee and Cheong on Resonance Raman effects in transition metal dichalcogenides ; Machon et al on Raman scattering studies of graphene under high pressure ; and Ribeiro and co‐workers on the Raman spectroscopy in black phosphorus . Huang and colleauges provided a conference report from the 5th International Taiwan Symposium on Raman Spectroscopy (2017) and Taiwan Association of Raman Spectroscopy Summer Camp .…”

“…In this paper, they review the state of the art regarding the effect of external perturbations on the optical phonons of graphene and describe how doping can tune the unusual electron-phonon coupling in graphene and thus modify not only the resonance conditions but also the phonon intensities due to quantum interferences. [82] Bera et al described enhanced Raman and photoluminescence response in monolayer MoS 2 due to laser healing of defects. They show that exposing monolayer MoS 2 in air to a modest laser intensity for a brief period of time enhances simultaneously the photoluminescence intensity associated with both trions and excitons, together with approximately three to five times increase of the Raman intensity of first-order and second-order modes.…”