Unsaturated fatty acids as modulators of macrophage respiratory burst in the immune response against Rhodococcus equi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Impact of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on miRNA Profiles of Monocytes/Macrophages and Endothelial Cells—A Pilot Study

“…PUFAs, therefore, may be seen as modulators of macrophage phenotype and inflammatory response. This is in accordance with our previously published functional analyses demonstrating PUFAs such as DHA or AA to impact virtually all macrophage features including cytokine synthesis, respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and the expression of adhesion molecules [15,31,32]. …”

“…Stimulation of cells was performed in the last 24 h of fatty acid supplementation by an addition of either LPS (1 µg/mL; from E. coli serotype 0111:B4) for cell line RAW264.7 or the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ each in a concentration of 5 ng/mL (all PeproTech, Hamburg, Germany) for cell line TIME. Periods of supplementation and stimulation were proven to result in a membrane fatty acid steady state as well as reproducible effects on macrophage/endothelial cell functionality [15,23,24,31,32]. …”

It is all about fluidity: Fatty acids and macrophage phagocytosis

“…Fatty acids have been found to influence every type of immune cell in a variety of ways (Calder, 2008), regard to macrophage function the fatty acids are reported to modulate all of the known defense mechanisms of these cells including phagocytosis, respiratory burst, cytokine production and antigen presentation (Adolph et al, 2012a(Adolph et al, , 2012bSchoeniger et al, 2011). So far, tremendous effort has been put into enlightening the different effects of individual fatty acids and several fatty acid families as well as into elucidating the underlying mechanisms of action.…”

“…So far, tremendous effort has been put into enlightening the different effects of individual fatty acids and several fatty acid families as well as into elucidating the underlying mechanisms of action. It has become apparent that the immunological impact of a fatty acid is determined by its chain length, its number of double bonds and its belonging to a particular fatty acid family (Adolph et al, 2012a(Adolph et al, , 2012bSchoeniger et al, 2011). Moreover, it is known now that fatty acids bias immune response by several independent modes of action.…”

“…Consequently, increases in the saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acid ratio of macrophage rafts are believed to hamper receptor associations so preventing downstream signaling cascades . In fact, enrichment of macrophage lipid rafts with unsaturated fatty acids has already been shown to bring about an altered reaction of the immune cells on bacterial stimuli: In the presence of viable pathogens macrophages enriched with unsaturated fatty acids differentiate into the antiinflammatory M2 subtype whereas their non-supplemented counterparts differentiate into the pro-inflammatory M1 subtype (Adolph et al, 2012a(Adolph et al, , 2012bSchoeniger et al, 2011). Since M2 macrophages are known to be more efficient in phagocytosis (Murray and Wynn, 2011) this interrelation provides an additional mechanism for how fatty acids may impact macrophage phagocytic processes.…”