Unscrambling the Influence of Sodium Cation on the Structure, Bioactivity, and Erythrocyte Compatibility of 45S5 Bioactive Glass

Abstract

The 45S5 bioglass uttering Class A bioactivity promotes both osteoconduction as well as osteoinduction. Though one of the higher reactive bioactive materials known with structural and physiological influence upon ionic modulation, poor mechanical properties are perceived. The possible solution to overcome the weak stability is to choose material's composition that provides retained bioactivity and improved mechanical stability. Meanwhile, primary burst out of Na + ions increases the local pH, harms cell life, and acts as a well-known disruptive modifying species that weakens the bioactive glass network, decreasing network connectivity, showing faster degradation and lowering mechanical stability. Therefore, in this study, more detailed systematic exploration on structural influence of sodium monovalent cation and its behavior on physiological environment was genuinely studied and reported that bioactivity of the bioactive glass can be highly achieved even without Na + ions. The result exhibits benefits of sodium free bioactive glass (denoted as No Na + BG) over Na + BG and exhibits improved mechanical stability and also possible degradability, having in-built apatite phase even before immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Also, sodium free bioglass proved as a superior candidate for erythrocyte compatibility with rapid clotting tendency on interaction with blood and a promising replacement for 45S5 bioglass in all aspects especially in mechanical stability view, which can withstand more than 5 months in phosphate buffer saline (PBS).

Influence of varying thermal treatment on bioactive material with equal Ca/P ratio: A local drug delivery system for bone regeneration

“…It is observed that micro‐hardness decreased from CP1 to CP3 gradually and enhanced for CP4. Generally, the value of Vicker's hardness is defined as the quotient of test load F and the surface area of the indentation and is given by the formula, 37,48 The hardness gradually decreased with respect to the sintering temperature, which is correlated with BET results (Figure 7C) upto 900°C. This is because, from Equation (5), it is clear that if surface area increases, micro‐hardness value decreases.…”

“…It is observed that micro-hardness decreased from CP1 to CP3 gradually and enhanced for CP4. Generally, the value of Vicker's hardness is defined as the quotient of test load F and the surface area of the indentation and is given by the formula, 37,48 HV ¼…”

Crucial Chemical Revelations in 45S5 Bioactive Glass via Sequential Precursor Integration Order

“…This symbolizes the larger precipitation of the hydroxyl carbonate apatite (HCA) layer on the surface; i.e., if the mass of the molecule increases, wavenumber shift decreases. 16 To support this finding, −OH band also deepens in intensity in the E-Si-P biomaterial. Hence, it can be concluded that E-Si-P shows a larger amount of HCA precipitation on immersion in SBF than E-Si and Si-E.…”

“…Briefly, the value of HV was multiplied by 9.807 to yield the values in MPa. 16 2.8. Protein Adsorption Study.…”

“…This is because Na atoms with a lower BE in E-Si-P easily pierce out and rupture the structure of RBC. 13,16 3.7. BET Surface Area and Porosity Analysis.…”