Untangling the Appraisal-Emotion Connection

Parkinson, Brian

doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_5

Cited by 158 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…In general, such findings contrast with statements that emphasise that an emotion is always accompanied by the same pattern of appraisals (e.g., Roseman & Smith, 2001;Smith & Kirby, 2004), but resonates with statements from other authors that questioned that an emotion can only follow from the generally predicted appraisal pattern for that emotion (e.g., Frijda & Zeelenberg, 2001;Parkinson, 1997Parkinson, , 2001Scherer, 2001;Shweder, 1993).…”

Section: Implications For Theories Of Appraisal and Angercontrasting

confidence: 61%

Individual differences in patterns of appraisal and anger experience

Kuppens

Mechelen

Smits

et al. 2007

Cognition & Emotion

175

103

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The aim of the present study was to identify and account for individual differences in the contextual experience of anger and its appraisals and in the associations between both. Participants (N 0/832) engaged in a directed imagery task of descriptions of unpleasant situations and reported on their appraisal and anger experience. Additionally, they filled out several dispositional questionnaires. The results demonstrated that at the basis of the experience of anger lies an externally induced disadvantage, which for many people elicits frustration. For some individuals, the latter is sufficient for becoming angered. Yet, for others, the thwarting has to be characterised by norm violation and has to be appraised as unfair and deliberate in order for them to experience anger. Individuals also differed as to whether threat to self-esteem was experienced along with frustration in situations that involved negative evaluative self-relevant information. Combined, the findings demonstrated that anger can occur in combination with different patterns of appraisals, varying as a function of situation and person characteristics.

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Section: Implications For Theories Of Appraisal and Angercontrasting

confidence: 61%

Individual differences in patterns of appraisal and anger experience

Kuppens

Mechelen

Smits

et al. 2007

Cognition & Emotion

175

103

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“…However, the nature of the relation between emotions and their components has not been given the coverage it deserves (Parkinson, 1997(Parkinson, , 1999. Also, it is surprising to find that only minimal research has addressed this issue directly.…”

Section: The Nature Of Relation Between Components and Emotionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity and sufficiency of components.

Kuppens¹,

Mechelen²,

Smits³

et al. 2003

Emotion

254

229

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The nature of the association between anger and 5 appraisal-action tendency components-goal obstacle, other accountability, unfairness, control, and antagonism-was examined in terms of specificity, necessity, and sufficiency. In 2 studies, participants described recently experienced unpleasant situations in which 1 of the appraisal-action tendency components was present or absent and indicated which emotions they had experienced. The results showed that (a) other accountability and arrogant entitlement, as an instance of unfairness, are specific appraisals for anger; and most important, (b) none of the components is necessary or sufficient for anger. The findings suggest that the relation between emotions and appraisalaction tendency components should be conceptualized instead as a contingent association, meaning that they usually co-occur.

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“…Some theorists argue for a strong causal relationship between appraisals and emotions (e.g., Lazarus, 1991). Others argue that although appraisals do not always cause the emotions or determine which specific emotion is experienced, they may characterize emotions (Parkinson, 1997). In our appraisal study we focused on the appraisal pattern of six different negative emotions, but for the sake of brevity we will only discuss the relations between regret and disappointment (see, .…”

Section: Are Regret and Disappointment Different Emotions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Reactions to the Outcomes of Decisions: The Role of Counterfactual Thought in the Experience of Regret and Disappointment

Zeelenberg

Dijk

Pligt

et al. 1998

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

303

199

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Emotional reactions to the outcomes of decisionsZeelenberg, Marcel; van Dijk, W.W.; van der Pligt, J.; Manstead, A.S.R.; van Empelen, P.; Reinderman, D. Publication date: 1998Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., van der Pligt, J., Manstead, A. S. R., van Empelen, P., & Reinderman, D. (1998). Emotional reactions to the outcomes of decisions: The role of counterfactual thought in the experience of regret and disappointment. (CentER Discussion Paper; Vol. 1998-35). Tilburg: Marketing. General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research -You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain -You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. words, its utility. Thus, when buying a new VCR, the satisfaction or utility derived from that particular VCR depends not only on the attributes of VCR itself, but also on how it compares to the prior set expectations and the attributes of unchosen alternatives. This psychological process of comparing the obtained outcome with other possible outcomes has become known as counterfac[ual thinking.In the present paper we focus on how these counterfactual thoughts about "what might have been"influence specific emotional reactions to decision outcomes. We argue that the content of the counterfactual thoughts (i.e., the specific alternative outcome to which the obtained outcome is compared) has an impact on which emotion is experienced. Studying how these psychological processes cause these specific emotional reactions is not only interesting for its own sake. As shown by recent empirical research, people anticipate emotions, and take them into account when making decisions (e.g., Beattie, Baron, Hershey, Bc Spranca, 1994; Larrick 8c Boles, 1995; Ritov, 1996; Zeelenberg 8c Beattie, 1997; Zeelenberg, Beattie, van der Pligt 8c de Vries, 1996). Knowledge about the role of counterfactual thought in the experience of emotions can therefore help us understand the role of emotions in decision-making.Pepijn van Empelen is currently at the Department of Health Education of the University of Maastricht. Dimitri Reinderman recently became a grand master, and decided to leave academia in order to devote his life to the game of chess. We thank lanet Landman and Nyla Branscombe, and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Marcel Z...

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Untangling the Appraisal-Emotion Connection

Cited by 158 publications

References 64 publications

Individual differences in patterns of appraisal and anger experience

Individual differences in patterns of appraisal and anger experience

The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity and sufficiency of components.

Emotional Reactions to the Outcomes of Decisions: The Role of Counterfactual Thought in the Experience of Regret and Disappointment

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