Untangling Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Peculiarity and Chemo-Resistance: Trailing Towards Marker-Based Targeted Therapies

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, affects nearly 15% of women with breast cancer. To date, the mainstay of treatment remains chemotherapy, with all the associated consequences, such as the significant toxicity and the suboptimal effect on the five-year survival rates. RNA-expression profiling showed that TNBC is biologically a heterogeneous malignancy. Therefore, predictive biomarkers matched with the diverse subtypes of TNBC could classify patients that would most benefit from a certain targeted treatment. Three biomarker-driven therapies are currently available: poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribose polymerase inhibitors for patients with germline BReast CAncer gene (BRCA) mutations, atezolizumab combined with nab-paclitaxel for patients expressing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting human trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP-2). Identifying predictive biomarkers is crucial for the optimum generation and implementation of targeted agents for TNBC, while further relevant treatments are in the pipeline given the promising results in clinical trials. Finally, newly developed immunotherapies and other targeted agents should also be investigated in earlier stages of the disease, especially in the neoadjuvant setting, broadening the therapeutic application of such regimens.

The effect of chemotherapy on survival in oldest old patients with nonmetastatic triple negative breast cancer: A populationbased observational study

“…TNBC do not express therapeutic targets such as hormone receptor (HR) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which lead to the lack of targeted therapy. Chemotherapy has historically been the primary pharmacotherapy of TNBC 17 . Age has been reported as an independent risk factor for no‐receipt of chemotherapy 18 .…”

“…Chemotherapy has historically been the primary pharmacotherapy of TNBC. 17 Age has been reported as an independent risk factor for no-receipt of chemotherapy. 18 But chemotherapy is still one of the limited treatment modalities for the oldest old TNBC patient, though its benefit has not been clarified.…”

PARP-1 Expression and BRCA1 Mutations in Breast Cancer Patients’ CTCs

“…TNBC is distinct and heterogeneous compared to the other subtypes [ 4 ]. Lack of targeted therapies for TNBC patients has led to an unmet need for new biomarkers [ 5 , 6 ]. TNBC is closely associated with BRCA mutations and especially germline mutations [ 7 ].…”

“…In the HR-deficient (BRCA-mutated) cells, however, it will result in a DSB, when this SSB reaches the replication fork. Accumulation of DSBs will prove fatal for the cell as they will lead to cell apoptosis or accumulation of mutations with higher likelihood for cancer development [ 5 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”