Unusual Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes and Cryptosporidium hominis Subtypes in HIV-Infected Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Akinbo, Frederick Olusegun; Okaka, C. E.; Omoregie, Richard; Adamu, Haileeyesus; Xiao, Lihua

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0635

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In this study, no significant (p > 0.05) difference in infection rate was found between HIV-infected persons on HAART and those not on HAART. This finding is consistent with the reports of Akinbo et al and Ayinmode et al [6,11] that HIVinfected patients on HAART can have Cryptosporidium infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Similarly, 2 C. parvum subtypes (IIcA5G3b and IIcA5G3k) and 1 C. hominis subtype (IaA29R3) were among the small number of Cryptosporidium-positive specimens from HIV-infected persons in Nsukka. The high diversity of Cryptosporidium subtypes observed in this study is consistent with previous studies in western Nigeria and other African countries [5,6,8,10,11]. Some of the subtypes seen in this study, such as C. hominis subtypes IeA11G3T3, IbA13G3, IbA10G2, and IaA25R3 and C. parvum subtypes IIcA5G3b and IIcA5G3k, have been reported in studies conducted in Benin city, Edo, midwestern Nigeria and Oyo state, southwestern Nigeria [6,8,10].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Although C. hominis and C. parvum were the dominant Cryptosporidium species, one case each of C. viatorum and C. felis was found. The latter two had been previously seen in HIV-infected patients in Ibadan and Benin City, Nigeria [6,8,11]. Within the two dominant species, 6 C. hominis subtypes (IaA27R4, IaA18R3, IaA25R3, IbA10G2, IbA13G3, and IeA11G3T3) in 3 subtype families (Ia, Ib and Ie) and 3 C. parvum subtypes (IIcA5G3b, IIcA5G3k and IIeA10G1) in 2 subtype families (IIc & IIe) were seen diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. in a small number of HIV-infected persons and children in southwestern and mid-western states have provided some information on Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in Nigeria [4,6,[8][9][10][11]. However, no information is available on the species and subtypes circulating in humans in south-eastern Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria

Ukwah

Ezeonu

et al. 2017

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a common disease of children and immune-compromised persons. This study evaluated the diversity and distribution of Cryptosporidium species in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and those not on HAART. Methodology: A total of 394 fecal specimens were collected from patients attending clinics in Nsukka and Ebonyi, Nigeria. Detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species were conducted by PCR-RFLP of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, whereas subtyping was done by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Results: Twenty-five (6.3%) specimens yielded four Cryptosporidium species, including C. hominis, C. parvum, C. felis, and C. viatorum. C. hominis was the most dominant species with 48.0% occurrence and three identified subtype families: Ia (six specimens), Ib (three specimens), Ie (two specimens), and one un-subtyped species. C. parvum had 44.0% occurrence and two subtype families: IIc (eight specimens) and IIe (three specimens), while C. felis and C. viatorum each had 4.0% occurrence. There were significant differences in Cryptosporidium species distribution between age groups in children and HIV-infected persons, between suburban and urban areas, and between low and high CD4

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria

Ukwah

Ezeonu

et al. 2017

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…The remaining new genotype, CD5, is most related (1 nucleotide substitution) to the nonhuman primate genotype CM4 (8), forming a cluster between group 3 (muskrat genotypes) and group 5 (primate genotypes). This finding supports the suggestion of the presence of new E. bieneusi genotype groups (8,9,32). replicates are shown on nodes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Genetic Diversity in Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolates from Dogs and Cats in China: Host Specificity and Public Health Implications

et al. 2014

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cTo explore the genetic diversity, host specificity, and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, feces from 348 stray and pet dogs and 96 pet cats from different locations in China were examined by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based PCR. E. bieneusi was detected in 15.5% of the dogs, including 20.5% of stray dogs and 11.7% of pet dogs, and in 11.5% of the pet cats. Higher infection rates were recorded in the >2-year and the 1-to 2-year age groups in dogs and cats, respectively. Altogether, 24 genotypes, including 11 known and 13 new, were detected in 65 infected animals. In 54 positive dogs, 18 genotypes, 9 known (PtEbIX, O, D, CM1, EbpA, Peru8, type IV, EbpC, and PigEBITS5) and 9 new (CD1 to CD9), were found. In contrast, 8 genotypes, 4 known (D, BEB6, I, and PtEbIX) and 4 new (CC1 to CC4), were identified in 11 infected cats. The dominant genotype in dogs was PtEbIX (26/54). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 8 known genotypes (D, Peru8, type IV, CM1, EbpC, PigEBITS5, O, and EbpA) and 7 new genotypes (CD1 to CD4 and CC2 to CC4) were the members of zoonotic group 1, whereas genotypes CD7, CD8, and CD9 together with PtEbIX belonged to the dog-specific group, and genotypes CD6 and CC1 were placed in group 2 with BEB6 and I. Conversely, genotype CD5 clustered with CM4 without belonging to any previous groups. We conclude that zoonotic genotypes are common in dogs and cats, as are host-specific genotypes in dogs. M icrosporidia, obligate eukaryotic intracellular pathogens, are considered to be highly diverged and specialized parasites, formerly classified as protozoa (1) and recently included in the fungus kingdom without further subdivision (2). They infect a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts (3). Among the human-infecting microsporidian species, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently diagnosed in AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea, organ transplant recipients, children, the elderly, and patients with malignant diseases and diabetes (4, 5). In addition, E. bieneusi has been reported in various wild, domestic, and companion mammals and birds worldwide (4, 6). Thus, microsporidiosis by E. bieneusi is regarded as a zoonosis, although the range of animal hosts and their involvement in transmission are poorly understood.Recent molecular approaches based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) enable us to assess the host specificity and public health significance of the organism (6, 7). There are now at least 204 reported ITS genotypes of E. bieneusi, and new genotypes have been identified in various animals, humans, and water bodies (6,(8)(9)(10). In phylogenetic analysis, these genotypes form some unique groups. Group 1 is found in humans and animals, while groups 2 to 8 are found mostly in specific hosts and wastewater (7,8,11).Recently, zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes have been reported in AIDS patients, children, nonhuman primates, pigs, and urban wastewater in China (8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. However, studies...

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Cryptosporidium

Xiao,

Feng

2023

ClinMicroNow

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Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that inhabit the brush borders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium of various vertebrates, causing enterocolitis, diarrhea, and cholangiopathy in humans. Cryptosporidium spp. are well‐recognized water and foodborne pathogens in industrialized nations, having caused many outbreaks of human illness. Cryptosporidium spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites that primarily infect epithelial cells of the intestine and biliary ducts, especially the ileum and colon. The distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in humans is a reflection of the role of different transmission routes in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised persons, including patients with HIV, is frequently associated with chronic, life‐threatening diarrhea. In clinical laboratories, Cryptosporidium spp. in stool specimens are commonly detected by microscopic examinations of oocysts, immunologic detection of antigens, and nucleic acid amplification testing. Genotyping and subtyping have been used in characterizations of Cryptosporidium infections, especially in cryptosporidiosis surveillance and outbreak investigations.

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Unusual Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes and Cryptosporidium hominis Subtypes in HIV-Infected Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 37 publications

References 31 publications

Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria

Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in diarrheal children and HIV-infected persons in Ebonyi and Nsukka, Nigeria

Genetic Diversity in Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolates from Dogs and Cats in China: Host Specificity and Public Health Implications

Cryptosporidium

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