Unusual features of metastatic atypical carcinoid of the larynx

Abstract

This report describes a case of atypical carcinoid of the larynx with metastatic tumor to cervical lymph nodes showing features similar to paraganglioma. Immunohistochemically, both the primary and metastatic tumor were positive for epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin, calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen. The sustentacular cells in pseudo-cell ball ("Zellballen") formations were shown by a positive S-100 marker. Electron microscopic analysis revealed numerous neuroendocrine granules measuring 150-250 nm in diameter. Clinical features, histological appearance, histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings, as well as differential diagnosis are discussed.

Clinical recommendations on the treatment of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx: A meta-analysis of 436 reported cases

“…The literature on NCL is fragmented over numerous case reports and series of small sample size, often with contradicting results, making it difficult to decide on an appropriate treatment strategy. Consequently, physicians facing these tumors often resort to treatment paradigms developed for better known neoplasms (eg, squamous cell carcinoma).…”

A case of cervical metastases from temporal bone carcinoid

“…Only 25 cases of paranasal sinus tumors were reported up until 2001 3. As with laryngeal carcinoids, various authors have described the locoregional aggressiveness of paranasal sinus carcinoids and the metastatic potential of these tumors through the lymphatic routes 2, 4. To date, one only case of temporal bone carcinoid, described by Mooney et al,5 had a metastatic lymph node recurrence.…”

Neuroendocrine tumours of the head and neck: anatomical, functional and molecular imaging and contemporary management

“…Epithelial malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation can occur in the larynx, as in any other organ [ 14 ] . True laryngeal NETs are a rare and heterogeneous group.…”

“…Laryngeal NETs originate from laryngeal mucosal pleuripotent cells and account for less than 1% of laryngeal tumours. There is a male predilection (male/female ratio of 3:1) [ 14-16 ] . As with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, smoking is a recognized risk factor [ 17 ] .…”