Unveiling New Molecular Factors Useful for Detection of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease due toChlamydia trachomatisInfection

Abstract

Background. Untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women can result in disease sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ultimately culminating in tubal occlusion and infertility. While nucleic acid amplification tests can effectively diagnose uncomplicated lower genital tract infections, they are not suitable for diagnosing upper genital tract pathological sequelae. Objective. The purpose of this paper was to provide a comprehensive review of new molecular factors associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of PID. Material and Methods. The literature was searched using the key words “Chlamydia trachomatis infections,” “pelvic inflammatory disease,” and “molecular factors” in the PubMed database. Relevant articles published between 1996 and 2012 were evaluated. Conclusions. The use of new molecular factors could potentially facilitate earlier diagnosis and prognosis in women with PID due to C. trachomatis infection.

Gene Networks of Hyperglycemia, Diabetic Complications, and Human Proteins Targeted by SARS-CoV-2: What Is the Molecular Basis for Comorbidity?

“…The associations of the gene/proteins from hyperglycemia-related and cathepsin B (CTSB)-related networks with HG and cathepsin B are presented in Table 6. As shown in Figure 7, the expression of caspase 8 (CASP8), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-8 (CXCL8), Sp1 transcription factor (SP1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TNF, STAT3, and prolactin (PRL) are upregulated by hyperglycemia [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106] and are known to induce cathepsin B [107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114]. In COVID-19, the inflammatory response and cell death are triggered via caspase 8 activation [115] and cathepsin B is able to activate this enzyme [116].…”

Role of enzyme-flavonoid therapy in controlling inflammatory pathology of pelvic inflammatory disease

“…If there is a reinfection, a more amplified response is seen. 12,13 Activated toll like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR4 and TLR2 which are found in the upper genital tract, could be activated by common PID pathogens. Inflammatory cells infiltration in the upper genital tract is a diagnostic criterion for PID as well as necessary for the removal of pathogens.…”

“…16 Chronic infections would lead to ongoing release of mediators that promote continued influx of inflammatory cells, damage to host epithelium, scarring, and, ultimately, fibrosis and scarring. 12,13 This may lead to the loss of the ciliated epithelial cells along the fallopian tube lining, leading to restriction in ovum transport which further tends to cause tubal-factor infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Due to healing action of inflamed tissue, there is formation of scar.…”