Unveiling the Antibiotic Susceptibility and Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria from Human Breast Milk of Pakistani Women: An Exploratory Study

Abstract

Background. Human life quality and expectancy have increased dramatically over the past 5 decades because of improvements in nutrition and antibiotic’s usage fighting against infectious diseases. Yet, it was soon revealed that the microbes adapted to develop resistance to any of the drugs that were used. Recently, there is great concern that commensal bacteria from food and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals could act as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes. Methodology. This study was intended for evaluating the phenotypic antibiotic resistance/sensitivity profiles of probiotic bacteria from human breast milk and evaluating the inhibitory effect of the probiotic bacteria against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Results. The results point out that some of the isolated bacteria were resistant to diverse antibiotics including gentamycin, imipenem, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. Susceptibility profile to certain antibiotics like vancomycin, tetracycline, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, rifampicin, and bacitracin was also observed. The antimicrobial qualities of cell-free supernatants of some probiotic bacteria inhibited the growth of indicator bacteria. Also, antimicrobial properties of the probiotic bacteria from the present study attributed to the production of organic acid, bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons (BATH), salt aggregation, coaggregation with pathogens, and bacteriocin production. Some isolated bacteria from human milk displayed higher hydrophobicity in addition to intrinsic probiotic properties like Gram-positive classification, catalase-negative activity, resistance to gastric juice (pH 2), and bile salt (0.3%) concentration. Conclusion. This study has added to the data of the antibiotic and antimicrobial activity of some probiotic bacteria from some samples of Pakistani women breast milk. Probiotic bacteria are usually considered to decrease gastrointestinal tract diseases by adhering to the gut epithelial and reducing population of pathogens and in the case of Streptococcus lactarius MB622 and Streptococcus salivarius MB620 in terms of hydrophobicity and exclusion of indicator pathogenic strains.

Overcoming Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Resistance: Novel Medications and Repositioning Strategies

“…It causes the inactivation of the RNA polymerase active site to bind and confer RIF resistance. The hotspot rpoB gene mutation confirmation using multiplex allele-specific PCR (MAS-PCR) proves that the mutation frequency was higher at codons 531, 526, and 516. , …”

“…The hotspot rpoB gene mutation confirmation using multiplex allele-specific PCR (MAS-PCR) proves that the mutation frequency was higher at codons 531, 526, and 516. 52,53 4.3. Metabolic Bypass.…”

Prebiotics in New-Born and Children’s Health

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“…However, there is still much to learn about how HMOs are specifically metabolized by beneficial microbiota in the newborn's gastrointestinal environment. Generally, HMOs are transformed by the microbiota into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which contribute to the establishment of stable and healthy gut microbiomes [23,47,52]. The study by Schwab et al [53] showed that B. breve, and B. longum subsp.…”

“…The widespread discovery of genes encoding glycerol/diol dehydratases in the fecal metagenomes of adults revealed that 1,2-PD conversion likely makes a considerable contribution to the synthesis of propionate in the intestinal tract [48]. Production of SCFAs from the HMO's metabolic pathways suggests the possibility of linkages between the physiology of bifidobacterial and nutritional and health outcomes of infants [23,47].…”