UOP Platforming leading octane technology into the 1990's

Peer, R.L.; Bennett, R.W.; Felch, D.E.; Schmidt, Edgar

doi:10.1016/0920-5861(93)80064-8

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…From an industrial perspective, hydrogenation of arenes presents a major challenge to catalytic science due to increasingly strict government limitations on carcinogenic benzene content in gasoline. , In refineries, the most frequently utilized methods to remove benzene from the gasoline pool are: (i) prefractionate the naphtha to eliminate the C 6 and/or C 7 fractions in the reformer feed; (ii) extractive distillation; (iii) liquid–liquid extraction; (iv) zeolite-catalyzed alkylation with light olefins to form alkylbenzenes, − all of which are energy-intensive, poorly selective for benzene in the presence of other arenes, and/or produce undesired byproducts. Additionally, conventional hydrogenation catalysts such as Pd/Al 2 O 3 , Pt/Al 2 O 3 , and Ni/Al 2 O 3 typically display higher selectivities for substituted arenes, which preferentially absorb on the surface and undergo subsequent hydrogenation .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene Selectivity in Competitive Arene Hydrogenation: Effects of Single-Site Catalyst···Acidic Oxide Surface Binding Geometry

et al. 2015

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Organozirconium complexes are chemisorbed on Brønsted acidic sulfated ZrO2 (ZrS), sulfated Al2O3 (AlS), and ZrO2-WO3 (ZrW). Under mild conditions (25 °C, 1 atm H2), the supported Cp*ZrMe3, Cp*ZrBz3, and Cp*ZrPh3 catalysts are very active for benzene hydrogenation with activities declining with decreasing acidity, ZrS ≫ AlS ≈ ZrW, arguing that more Brønsted acidic oxides (those having weaker corresponding conjugate bases) yield stronger surface organometallic electrophiles and for this reason have higher benzene hydrogenation activity. Benzene selective hydrogenation, a potential approach for carcinogenic benzene removal from gasoline, is probed using benzene/toluene mixtures, and selectivities for benzene hydrogenation vary with catalyst as ZrBz3(+)/ZrS(-), 83% > Cp*ZrMe2(+)/ZrS(-), 80% > Cp*ZrBz2(+)/ZrS(-), 67% > Cp*ZrPh2(+)/ZrS(-), 57%. For Cp*ZrBz2(+)/ZrS(-), which displays the highest benzene hydrogenation activity with moderate selectivity in benzene/toluene mixtures. Other benzene/arene mixtures are examined, and benzene selectivities vary with arene as mesitylene, 99%, > ethylbenzene, 86% > toluene, 67%. Structural and computational studies by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, XAS, and periodic DFT methods applied to supported Cp*ZrMe3 and Cp*ZrBz3 indicate that larger Zr···surface distances are present in more sterically encumbered Cp*ZrBz2(+)/AlS(-) vs Cp*ZrMe2(+)/AlS(-). The combined XAS, solid state NMR, and DFT data argue that the bulky catalyst benzyl groups expand the "cationic" metal center-anionic sulfated oxide surface distances, and this separation/weakened ion-pairing enables the activation/insertion of more sterically encumbered arenes and influences hydrogenation rates and selectivity patterns.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene Selectivity in Competitive Arene Hydrogenation: Effects of Single-Site Catalyst···Acidic Oxide Surface Binding Geometry

et al. 2015

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“…Typical operating ranges are 490-525 1C and 1.4-3.5 MPa for semi-regenerative reforming and 525-540 1C and 0.3-1.0 MPa for reformers with continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR). 7,8,13 In Pt/Cl À /Al 2 O 3 -based catalysts, the Pt metal can be stabilised by the addition of a second metal. In most cases, the second metal is rhenium, tin or iridium.…”

Section: Reforming Over Pt/cl à /Al 2 O 3 Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

2010

Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude

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There are meaningful differences in composition between Fischer–Tropsch syncrude and conventional crude oil. These differences influence the catalysis, catalyst selection and refining technologies that can be used. Some catalysts are particularly well suited for the conversion of Fischer–Tropsch syncrude, wereas some catalysts and conversion processes that are ubiquitous in crude oil refining are not. Conversion technologies relevant to Fischer–Tropsch fuel refineries, but that have not yet been covered in detail, are discussed: catalytic reforming, aromatic alkylation, alcohol dehydration and etherification. A short discussion is included on Fischer–Tropsch related oxygenate conversions that resolve specific FT refining challenges, but have not yet found their way into conceptual refinery designs.

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“…Typical operating ranges are 490-525 • C and 1.4-3.5 MPa for semi-regenerative (SR) reforming and 525-540 • C and 0.3-1.0 MPa for reformers with continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR). 173,174,179 The feed plays an important role in determining the severity of operation that is necessary to achieve the desired reformate octane number. Naphthenes (cyclo-paraffins) react much faster than acyclic paraffins, since it requires less reaction steps to form a 6-membered ring structure that can directly be dehydrogenated to produce an aromatic.…”

Section: Catalytic Reformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fischer–Tropsch refining: technology selection to match molecules

2008

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On a molecular level Fischer-Tropsch syncrude is significantly different from crude oil. When syncrude is treated as if it is a crude oil, its refining becomes inefficient. Refining technologies developed for crude oil can be employed to refine Fischer-Tropsch syncrude, but in order to conform to green chemistry principles (preventing waste; maximising atom economy; increasing energy efficiency) the technology selection must be compatible with the syncrude composition. The composition of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude is discussed in relation to the molecular requirements of transportation fuels and the refining gap that needs to be bridged. Conversion technologies are evaluated in terms of their refining objective, chemistry, catalysts, environmental issues, feed requirements, and compatibility to Fischer-Tropsch syncrude, in order to suggest appropriate technologies for efficient refining of Fischer-Tropsch products. The conversion technologies considered are: double bond

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UOP Platforming leading octane technology into the 1990's

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Benzene Selectivity in Competitive Arene Hydrogenation: Effects of Single-Site Catalyst···Acidic Oxide Surface Binding Geometry

Benzene Selectivity in Competitive Arene Hydrogenation: Effects of Single-Site Catalyst···Acidic Oxide Surface Binding Geometry

Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

Fischer–Tropsch refining: technology selection to match molecules

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